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​Symptoms and Signs - Differential Diagnosis of  Metabolic Encephalopathy 
• Cofactor deficiency: thiamine, vitamin B12, pyridoxine (isoniazid [INH] administration)
• Electrolyte disorders: hyponatremia, hypercalcemia, carbon dioxide narcosis, dialysis, hypermagnesemia, disequilibrium syndrome
• Endocrinopathies: diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), hyperosmolar coma, hypothyroidism, hyperadrenocorticism, hyperparathyroidism
• Endogenous toxins: liver disease, uremia, porphyria
• Epilepsy (postictal)
• Exogenous toxins: drug overdose (sedative-hypnotics, ethanol, narcotics, salicylates, tricyclic antidepressants), drug withdrawal, toxicity of therapeutic medications, industrial toxins (e.g., organophosphates, heavy metals), sepsis
• Heat stroke
• Substrate deficiency: hypoxia/ischemia, carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning, hypoglycemia
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Encopresis
• Anorectal lesions
• Cerebral palsy
• Hirschsprung’s disease
• Hypothyroidism
• Malformations
• Medications
• Myelomeningocele
• Pseudo-obstruction
• Rectal prolapse
• Trauma
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​Symptoms and Signs - Differential Diagnosis of Infective Endocarditis
• Bacteremia
• Brain abscess
• Fever of undetermined origin (FUO)
• Glomerulonephritis
• Meningitis
• Osteomyelitis
• Pericarditis
• Pericarditis
• Rheumatic fever
• Salmonella
• TB
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Endometriosis
• Acute appendicitis
• Adenomyosis
• Chronic appendicitis
• Ectopic pregnancy
• Hemorrhagic cyst
• Hernia
• Interstitial cystitis
• Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
• Muscular/skeletal strain
• Nerve entrapment syndrome
• Pelvic adhesions
• Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
• Psychological disorder
• Scoliosis
• Uterine leiomyomas
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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Enthesopathy
• Ankylosing spondylitis
• Disseminated idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH)
• Drug induced (quinolones, etretinate)
• Psoriatic arthritis
• Reactive arthritis
• Reiter’s syndrome
• Viremia or bacteremia
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Enuresis
• May be associated with encopresis and sleep disorders such as sleep terrors; much less likely to be a primary psychological disorder
• Organic causes of enuresis include diabetes mellitus, diabetes insipidus, bladder outlet obstruction, small bladder capacity, detrusor instability, urethral valves, meatal stenosis, cerebral palsy, spina bifida, pelvic mass, impacted stool, sedating medications, and nocturnal seizures.
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Eosinophiluria
• Café au lait spots
• Hepatorenal syndrome Ephelides (Freckles)
• Interstitial nephritis
• Kidney transplant rejection
• Lentigo
• Melanocytic nevus
• Seborrheic keratosis
• Tinea versicolor
• Tyrosinase-negative oculocutaneous albinism (ATN)
• Urinary tract infection (UTI)
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Kembara Xtra 

Facts about medicine and its subtopic such as anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, pharmacology, medicine, pediatrics, psychiatry, obstetrics and gynecology and surgery.