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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Epicondylitis
• Cervical radiculopathy
• Intra-articular elbow pathology (osteoarthritis, osteochondritis dissecans, loose body)
• Medial collateral ligament instability
• Radial nerve compression
• Ulnar neuropathy
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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Dumping Syndrome
• Afferent loop syndromes
• Bile acid reflux after surgery
• Bowel obstruction
• Gastroenteric fistula
• Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
• Pancreatic insufficiency
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Dysfunctional Uterine Bleeding
• Anatomic nonuterine causes: cervical neoplasia, cervicitis; vaginal neoplasia, adhesions, trauma, foreign body, atrophic vaginitis, infections, condyloma; vulvar trauma, infections, neoplasia, condyloma, dystrophy, varices
• Anatomic uterine causes: leiomyomas, adenomyosis, polyps,endometrial hyperplasia, cancer, STDs, intrauterine contraceptive device (IUD)
• Coagulopathies: von Willebrand disease, thrombocytopenia, hepatic failure
• Endocrinopathies: thyroid disorder, hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism, diabetes mellitus (DM)
• GI tract: hemorrhoids, anal fissure, colorectal lesions
• Pregnancy-related cause
• Systemic diseases: exogenous hormone intake, renal disease
• Urinary tract: urethral caruncle, diverticulum, hematuria
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Dysmenorrhea
• Transverse vaginal septum
• Polyps
• Pelvic congestion syndrome, pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
• Ovarian cysts
• Leiomyomas
• Intrauterine contraceptive device (IUD) use
• Imperforate hymen
• Endometriosis, endometritis
• Ectopic pregnancy
• Congenital malformation of müllerian system
• Cervical strictures or stenosis
• Allen-Masters syndrome
• Adhesions
• Adenomyosis
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Dyspareunia
• Vulvovaginitis
• Vulvar dystrophy
• Vaginismus
• Vaginal atrophy: hypoestrogen
• Uterine retroversion
• Urethritis
• Trigonitis
• Short vagina
• Pelvic infection
• Ovarian pathology
• Orthopedic
• Operative scarring
• Operative scarring
• Intact or rigid hymen
• Inadequate lubrication
• Inadequate lubrication
• Gastrointestinal
• Endometriosis
• Cystitis
• Clitoral problems
• Bartholin’s or Skene’s gland infection
• Abnormal penile size or shape
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Non -Ulcerative Dyspepsia 
• System disorders (i.e., diabetes, thyroid disorders, or connective tissue diseases)
• Peptic ulcer disease
• Pancreatitis
• Metabolic disturbances (i.e., hypercalcemia or hyperkalemia)
• Medications (i.e., NSAIDs, erythromycin, steroids)
• Ischemic bowel disease
• Infiltrative diseases of the stomach (i.e., Crohn’s disease or sarcoidosis)
• Gastroparesis
• Gastroesophageal reflux
• Gastric, esophageal, and all abdominal cancers
• Biliary tract disease
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Dysphagia 
• Toxins: poisoning, botulism, tetanus, post-diphtheritic dysphagia
• Systemic diseases: scleroderma, amyloidosis, dermatomyositis
• Presbyesophagus
• Peptic esophagitis with stricture, Barrett’s stricture
• Oropharyngeal lesions: pharyngitis, glossitis, stomatitis, neoplasms
• Neurologic or neuromuscular disturbances: bulbar paralysis, myasthenia gravis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), multiple sclerosis (MS), parkinsonism, cerebrovascular accident (CVA), diabetic neuropathy
• Hysteria: globus hystericus
• Hiatal hernia, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
• External esophageal compression: neoplasms (thyroid neoplasm, lymphoma, mediastinal tumors), thyroid enlargement, aortic aneurysm, vertebral spurs, aberrant right subclavian artery (dysphagia lusoria)
• Esophageal obstruction: neoplasm, foreign body, achalasia, stricture, spasm, esophageal web, diverticulum, Schatzki’s ring
• Candida and herpes esophagitis
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Dyspnea
• Upper airway obstruction: trauma, neoplasm, epiglottitis, laryngeal edema, tongue retraction, laryngospasm, abductor paralysis of vocal cords, aspiration of foreign body
• Thyrotoxicosis, myxedema
• Space-occupying lesions: neoplasm, large hiatal hernia, pleural effusions
• Sepsis
• Pulmonary vascular congestion
• Pulmonary infection: pneumonia, abscess, empyema, TB, bronchiectasis
• Pulmonary hypertension
• Pulmonary embolism/infarction
• Psychoneurosis
• Pregnancy
• Pneumothorax, hemothorax, pleural effusion
• Pneumoconioses: silicosis, berylliosis, others
• Parenchymal lung disease
• Neurologic dysfunction: Guillain-Barré syndrome, botulism, polio, spinal cord injury
• Metabolic abnormalities: uremia, hepatic coma, diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)
• Mesothelioma
• Lung resection
• Lower airway obstruction: neoplasm, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, aspiration of foreign body
• Interstitial pulmonary disease: sarcoidosis, collagen-vascular diseases, desquamative interstitial pneumonia (DIP), Hamman- Rich pneumonitis, others
• Inhalation of toxins
• Hematologic: anemia, polycythemia, hemoglobinopathies
• Disease of chest wall: severe kyphoscoliosis, fractured ribs, sternal compression, morbid obesity
• Diaphragmatic paralysis
• Diaphragmatic compression caused by abdominal distention, subphrenic abscess, ascites
• Cholinergic drug intoxication
• Cardiac disease: arteriosclerotic heart disease (ASHD), valvular lesions, cardiac dysrhythmias, cardiomyopathy, pericardial effusion, cardiac shunts
• Carcinoid syndrome
• Atelectasis
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Kembara Xtra 

Facts about medicine and its subtopic such as anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, pharmacology, medicine, pediatrics, psychiatry, obstetrics and gynecology and surgery.