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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Dysuria
• Vaginitis
• Urinary tract infection (UTI)
• Urethritis (gonococcal, chlamydial)
• Urethral carbuncle
• Stevens-Johnson syndrome
• Reiter’s syndrome
• Radiation therapy
• Prostatitis
• Meatal stenosis or stricture
• Interstitial cystitis
• Impaired bladder or sphincter action
• GI (diverticulitis, Crohn’s disease)
• Genital infection (e.g., herpes, condyloma)
• Estrogen deficiency (in postmenopausal woman)
• Chronic fibrosis post trauma
• Chemical irritation (e.g., deodorant aerosols, douches)
• Bladder neoplasm
• Behçet’s syndrome
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Earache
• Serous otitis media
• Referred otalgia, as with temporomandibular joint (TMJ) dysfunction, dental problems, and tumors
• Otitis media
• Otitis externa
• Otitic barotrauma
• Mastoiditis
• Impacted cerumen
• Foreign body
• Eustachitis
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Eclampsia
• Substance abuse
• Space-occupying brain lesions or neoplasms
• Pseudoseizure
• Preexisting seizure disorder
• Metabolic abnormalities (hypoglycemia, hyponatremia, hypocalcemia)
• Intracerebral bleeding or thrombosis
• Head trauma, infection (meningitis, encephalitis)
• Amniotic fluid embolism
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Ectopic Pregnancy
• Threatened or incomplete abortion
• Rupture or torsion of ovarian cyst
• Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
• Gastroenteritis
• Endometriosis
• Dysfunctional uterine bleeding
• Degenerating uterine fibroids
• Corpus luteum cyst
• Appendicitis
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Edema in Children
CARDIOVASCULAR
• Congestive heart failure (CHF)
• Acute thrombi or emboli
• Vasculitis of many types
RENAL
• Nephrotic syndrome
• Glomerulonephritis of many types
• End-stage renal failure
ENDOCRINE OR METABOLIC
• Thyroid disease
• Starvation
• Hereditary angioedema
IATROGENIC
• Drugs (diuretics and steroids)
• Water or salt overload
HEMATOLOGIC
• Hemolytic disease of the newborn
GASTROINTESTINAL
• Hepatic cirrhosis
• Protein-losing enteritis
• Lymphangiectasis
• Cystic fibrosis (CF)
• Celiac disease
• Enteritis of many types
LYMPHATIC ABNORMALITIES
• Congenital (gonadal dysgenesis)
• Acquired
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Generalized Edema, 
• Pregnancy
• Nephrotic syndrome
• Myxedema
• Medications (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs [NSAIDs], estrogens, vasodilators)
• Idiopathic
• Congestive heart failure (CHF)
• Cirrhosis
• Acute nephritic syndrome
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Unilateral Edema, in Leg 
WITH PAIN
• Deep venous thrombosis (DVT)
• Postphlebitic syndrome
• Popliteal cyst rupture
• Gastrocnemius rupture
• Cellulitis
• Psoas or other abscess
WITHOUT PAIN
• DVT
• Postphlebitic syndrome
• Other venous insufficiency (after saphenous vein harvest,
varicosities)
• Lymphatic obstruction/lymphedema (carcinoma, lymphoma,
sarcoidosis, filariasis, retroperitoneal fibrosis)
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Kembara Xtra 

Facts about medicine and its subtopic such as anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, pharmacology, medicine, pediatrics, psychiatry, obstetrics and gynecology and surgery.