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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Wrist Pain
MECHANICAL
• Osteoarthritis
• Ligament tear
• Fracture
• Ganglion
• de Quervain’s tenosynovitis
• Avascular necrosis (scaphoid, lunate)
• Nonunion of scaphoid or lunate
• Neoplasm
METABOLIC
• Pregnancy
• Diabetes
• Gout
• Pseudogout
• Paget’s disease
• Acromegaly
• Hypothyroidism
• Hyperparathyroidism
INFECTIOUS
• Osteomyelitis
• Septic arthritis
• Cat-scratch disease
• Tick bite (Lyme disease, babesiosis)
• Tuberculosis
NEUROLOGIC
• Peripheral neuropathy
• Nerve injury (median, ulnar, radial nerve)
• Thoracic outlet compression syndrome
• Distal posterior interosseous nerve syndrome
RHEUMATOLOGIC
• Psoriasis
• RA
• SLE, mixed connective tissue disorder (MCTD)
• Scleroderma
MISCELLANEOUS
• Granulomatous (sarcoidosis)
• Amyloidosis
• Multiple myeloma
• Leukemia
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Wrist and Hand Pain, in Different Age Groups
Common causes of wrist and hand pain in different age groups:
CHILDHOOD (2–10 YEARS)
Intra-articular
• Infection
Periarticular
• Fracture
• Osteomyelitis
ADOLESCENCE (10–18 YEARS)
Intra-articular
• Infection
Periarticular
• Trauma
• Osteomyelitis
• Tumors
• Ganglion
• Idiopathic wrist pain
EARLY ADULTHOOD (18–30 YEARS)
Intra-articular
• Inflammatory arthritis
• Infection
Periarticular
• Peripheral nerve entrapment
• Tendinitis
• Ganglion
Referred
• Cervical
ADULTHOOD (30–50 YEARS)
Intra-articular
• Inflammatory arthritis
• Infection
• Osteoarthritis
• Periarticular
• Peripheral nerve entrapment
• Tendinitis
Referred
• Cervical
• Chest
• Cardiac
OLD AGE (>50 YEARS)
Intra-articular
• Inflammatory arthritis
• Osteoarthritis
Periarticular
• Peripheral nerve entrapment
• Tendinitis
Referred
• Cervical
• Chest
• Cardiac
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Xanthoma
• Necrobiosis lipoidica
• Rheumatoid nodules
• Neurofibromas
• Nodular elastoidosis
• Granuloma annulare
• Giant tumor of tendon sheath
• Erythema elevatum diutinum
• Histiocytoses

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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Xerophthalmia
MEDICATIONS
• Tricyclic antidepressants: amitriptyline, doxepin
• Antihistamines: diphenhydramine, chlorpheniramine, promethazine, and many cold and decongestant preparations
• Anticholinergic agents: antiemetics such as scopolamine, antispasmodic agents such as oxybutynin chloride
ABNORMALITIES OF EYELID FUNCTION
• Neuromuscular disorders
• Aging
• Thyrotoxicosis
ABNORMALITIES OF TEAR PRODUCTION
• Hypovitaminosis A
• Stevens-Johnson syndrome
• Familial diseases affecting sebaceous secretions
ABNORMALITIES OF CORNEAL SURFACES
• Scarring from past injuries and herpes simplex infection
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Warts
• Acquired digital fibrokeratoma
• Acrochordon (skin tags) or seborrheic keratosis
• Condyloma latum
• Epidermal nevi
• Hypertrophic actinic keratosis
• Molluscum contagiosum
• Plantar corns (may be mistaken for plantar warts)
• Recurrent infantile digital fibroma
• Squamous cell carcinomas
• Varicella zoster virus in patients with AIDS
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Weakness, Acute, Emergent
• Demyelinating disorders (Guillain-Barré, chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy [CIDP])
• Infectious (poliomyelitis, diphtheria)
• Metabolic (acquired or familial hypokalemia, hypophosphatemia, hypermagnesemia)
• Metals poisoning (arsenic, thallium)
• Myasthenia gravis
• Porphyria
• Toxic (botulism, tick paralysis, paralytic shellfish toxin, puffer
fish, newts)
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Weakness, Gradual Onset
• Alcoholism
• Anemia
• Basal ganglia disorders
• Congestive heart failure (CHF)
• Depression
• Disorders of motor unit
• Hypothyroidism
• Liver failure
• Malingering
• Medications (e.g., sedatives, antidepressants, narcotics)
• Nutritional deficiencies
• Renal failure
• Respiratory insufficiency
• Upper motor neuron lesions
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Wegener’s Granulomatosis
• Bacterial or fungal sinusitis
• Goodpasture’s syndrome
• Midline granuloma
• Neoplasms
• Other granulomatous lung diseases (e.g., lymphomatoid granulomatosis, Churg-Strauss syndrome, necrotizing sarcoid granulomatosis, bronchocentric granulomatosis, sarcoidosis)
• Viral infections
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Weight Gain
• Anxiety disorders with compulsive eating
• Discontinuation of tobacco abuse
• Endocrine disorders (hypothyroidism, hyperinsulinism associated with maturity-onset diabetes mellitus [DM], Cushing’s syndrome, hypogonadism, insulinoma, hyperprolactinemia, acromegaly)
• Fluid overload
• Hypothalamic injury (rare; <100 cases reported in medical literature)
• Laurence-Moon-Biedl syndrome, Prader-Willi syndrome, other congenital diseases
• Medications (e.g., nutritional supplements, oral contraceptives, glucocorticoids)
• Sedentary lifestyle
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Weight Loss
• Addison’s disease
• AIDS
• Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
• Food faddism
• Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
• Intestinal parasites
• Malabsorption
• Malignant disease
• New-onset diabetes mellitus (DM)
• Peptic ulcer disease (PUD)
• Postgastrectomy syndrome
• Psychiatric disorders (depression, anorexia nervosa)
• Thyrotoxicosis, pheochromocytoma, carcinoid syndrome
• Uremia, liver disease
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Kembara Xtra 

Facts about medicine and its subtopic such as anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, pharmacology, medicine, pediatrics, psychiatry, obstetrics and gynecology and surgery.