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Symptoms and Signs - Differential Diagnosis of Lower Gastrointestinal Bleeding 
• Volvulus
• Vascular abnormalities: angiodysplasia, vascular ectasia
• Uremic colitis
• Trauma, foreign body
• Solitary rectal/cecal ulcers
• Small bowel neoplasm: leiomyomas, carcinoids
• Polyarteritis nodosa
• Other: pancreaticoenteric fistulas, Henoch-Schönlein purpura, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), amyloidosis, metastatic melanoma
• Meckel’s diverticulum and other small intestine diverticula
• Lymphoma of small bowel, sarcoma, Kaposi’s sarcoma
• Lymphoma of large bowel
• Long-distance running
• Ischemic colitis
• Ischemic bowel disease (mesenteric thrombosis, embolism, vasculitis, trauma)
• Irradiation ileitis
• Irradiation colitis
• Intussusception
• Intestinal hemangiomas: blue rubber bleb nevi, intestinal hemangiomas, cutaneous vascular nevi
• Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
• Infectious colitis
• Infections of small bowel: tuberculous enteritis, enteritis necroticans
• Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (Rendu-Osler-Weber syndrome)
• Hemorrhoids
• Hamartomatous polyps: Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (intestinal polyps, mucocutaneous pigmentation)
• Diverticular disease
• Colonic polyps
• Carcinoma (particularly left colon)
• AV malformation of small intestine
• Aortoenteric fistula
• Anal fissure
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Symptoms and Signs - ​Differential Diagnosis of Bleeding, Lower GI, Pediatric
<3 MONTHS
• Swallowed maternal blood
• Infectious colitis
• Milk allergy
• Bleeding diathesis
• Intussusception
• Midgut volvulus
• Meckel’s diverticulum
• Necrotizing enterocolitis
<2 YEARS
• Anal fissure
• Infectious colitis
• Milk allergy
• Colitis
• Intussusception
• Meckel’s diverticulum
• Polyp
• Duplication
• Hemolytic-uremic syndrome
• Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
• Pseudomembranous enterocolitis
<5 YEARS
• Infectious colitis
• Anal fissure
• Polyp
• Intussusception
• Meckel’s diverticulum
• Henoch-Schönlein purpura
• Hemolytic-uremic syndrome
• Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
• Pseudomembranous enterocolitis
5–18 YEARS
• Infectious colitis
• Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
• Pseudomembranous enterocolitis
• Polyp
• Hemolytic-uremic syndrome
• Hemorrhoid
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Symptoms and Signs - Differential Diagnosis of Bleeding, Rectal
• Polyps (hamartomatous or adenomatous)
• Meckel’s diverticulum
• Ischemic colitis
• Intussusception
• Inflammatory bowel disease (mainly proctitis)
• Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
• Infective colitis
• Hemorrhoids
• Diverticular disease
• Colorectal polyps (mostly adenomas)
• Colorectal cancer
• Angiodysplasia
• Anal fissure
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​Symptoms and Signs - Differential Diagnosis of Blastomycosis
• Tuberculosis
• Squamous cell carcinoma
• Pyoderma gangrenosum
• Mycobacterium marinum infection
• Histoplasmosis
• Giant keratoacanthoma
• Bronchogenic carcinoma
• Bromoderma
• Bacterial pneumonia
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Symptoms and Signs - ​Differential Diagnosis of Back Pain
• Vascular: leaking aortic aneurysm, subarachnoid or spinal hemorrhage/infarction
• Trauma: injury to bone, joint, or ligament
• Renal: hydronephrosis, calculus, neoplasm, renal infarction, pyelonephritis
• Psychogenic: malingering, hysteria, anxiety
• Neoplastic: myeloma; Hodgkin’s disease; carcinoma of pancreas; metastatic neoplasm from breast, prostate, lung
• Metabolic: osteoporosis, osteomalacia
• Mechanical: pregnancy, obesity, fatigue, scoliosis
• Lumbosacral strain
• Inflammatory: ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis, Reiter’s syndrome
• Infections: osteomyelitis, subarachnoid or spinal abscess, TB, meningitis, basilar pneumonia
• Hematologic: sickle cell crisis, acute hemolysis
• Gynecologic: neoplasm of uterus or ovary, dysmenorrhea, salpingitis, uterine prolapse
• GI: penetrating ulcer, pancreatitis, cholelithiasis, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
• Endocrine: adrenal hemorrhage or infarction
• Degenerative: osteoarthritis
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Symptoms and Signs - Differential Diagnosis of Back Pain in Children and Adolescents
• Tumor
• Trauma (muscle strain, vertebral fracture)
• Syrinx
• Spondylolysis, spondylolisthesis
• Sickle cell crisis
• Psychological problem
• Inflammatory spondyloarthropathy
• Infection (pyelonephritis, osteomyelitis)
• Idiopathic scoliosis, kyphosis
• Herniated disk
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Kembara Xtra 

Facts about medicine and its subtopic such as anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, pharmacology, medicine, pediatrics, psychiatry, obstetrics and gynecology and surgery.