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​Symptoms and Signs - Differential Diagnosis of Arthritis at Pediatric Age
• Viral or postviral arthritis
• Villonodular synovitis
• Vasculitis
• Trauma
• Toxic synovitis of the hip
• Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
• Slipped capital femoral epiphysis
• Sickle cell disease
• Scleroderma
• Reiter’s syndrome
• Reflex sympathetic dystrophy
• Reactive arthritis
• Psychogenic arthralgias (conversion reactions)
• Psoriatic arthritis
• Primary bone tumors
• Polymyositis and dermatomyositis
• Patellofemoral dysfunction (chondromalacia patellae)
• Overuse syndromes
• Osteomyelitis
• Osteochondroses
• Neuroblastoma
• Mixed connective tissue disease and overlap syndromes
• Lymphoma
• Leukemia
• Kawasaki’s disease
• Juvenile ankylosing spondylitis
• Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
• Hypermobility syndrome
• Hemophilia
• Growing pains
• Genetic or congenital syndromes
• Fungal arthritis
• Foreign body arthritis
• Fibromyalgia (fibrositis)
• Familial Mediterranean fever
• Diskitis
• Behçet’s syndrome
• Bacterial arthritis
• Avascular necrosis syndromes
• Acute rheumatic fever
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​Symptoms and Signs - Differential Diagnosis of Arthritis, Polyarticular
• Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), other connective tissue diseases, erythema nodosum, palindromic rheumatism, relapsing polychondritis
• Sarcoidosis
• Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), juvenile (rheumatoid) polyarthritis
• Psoriatic arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis
• Other: serum sickness, leukemias, lymphomas, enteropathic arthropathy, Whipple’s disease, Behçet’s syndrome, HenochSchönlein purpura, familial Mediterranean fever, hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy
• Lyme arthritis, bacterial endocarditis, N. gonorrhoeae infection, rheumatic fever, Reiter’s disease
• Hypersensitivity to serum or drugs
• Hepatitis B, HIV infection, rubella, mumps
• Crystal deposition disease
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Symptoms and Signs - ​Differential Diagnosis of Appetite Loss in Infants and Children
• Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
• Rheumatic fever
• Nutritional: marasmus, iron deficiency, zinc deficiency
• Neurologic: congenital degenerative disease
• Miscellaneous: prolonged restriction of oral feedings, beginning in the neonatal period; systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE); tumor
• Metabolic: renal failure or renal tubular acidosis, liver failure, congenital metabolic disease, lead poisoning
• Infectious (acute or chronic)
• Hypothalamic lesion: increased intracranial pressure (including a brain tumor), swallowing disorders (neuromuscular)
• Gastrointestinal: oral lesions (e.g., thrush or herpes simplex), gastroesophageal reflux, obstruction (especially with gastric or intestinal distention), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), celiac disease, constipation
• Fever
• Excessive weight loss and food aversion in athletes, simulating anorexia nervosa
• Drugs: morphine, digitalis, antimetabolites, methylphenidate, amphetamines
• Cardiac: congestive heart failure (CHF) (especially associated with cyanotic lesions)
• Avoidance of symptoms associated with meals (abdominal pain, diarrhea, bloating, urgency, dumping syndrome)
• Anxiety, fear, depression, mania (limbic influence on the hypothalamus)
• Anorexia nervosa
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Symptoms and Signs - ​Differential Diagnosis of Arterial Occlusion
endocarditis)
• Vasospasm
• Trauma
• Thromboembolism (post–myocardial infarction, mitral stenosis, rheumatic valve disease, atrial fibrillation, atrial myxoma, marantic endocarditis, bacterial endocarditis, Libman-Sacks
• Miscellaneous (irradiation, drugs, infections, necrotizing)
• Hypercoagulable states
• Atheroembolism (microemboli composed of cholesterol, calcium, and platelets from proximal atherosclerotic plaques)
• Arterial thrombosis (endothelial injury, altered arterial blood flow, trauma, severe atherosclerosis, acute vasculitis)

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Differential Diagnosis of Decreased Anion Gap 
• Severe hypermagnesemia
• Lithium toxicity
• Laboratory error (falsely decreased sodium or overestimation of bicarbonate or chloride)
• IgG myeloma
• Hypoalbuminemia
• Hypercalcemia of parathyroid origin, antibiotics (e.g., polymyxin)
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​Differential Diagnosis of Increased Anion Gap
• Uremia
• Salicylate overdose
• Methanol poisoning
• Lactic acidosis
• Ketoacidosis (diabetic, starvation, alcoholic)
• Ethylene glycol poisoning
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​Differential Diagnosis of Anisocoria
diphtheria, botulism)
• Trauma
• Toxic polyneuritis (alcohol, lead)
• Subdural hemorrhage
• Prosthetic eye
• Mydriatic or miotic drugs
• Intracranial neoplasm
• Internal carotid ischemia
• Inflammation (keratitis, iridocyclitis)
• Infections (herpes zoster, syphilis, meningitis, encephalitis, TB,
• Horner’s syndrome
• Glaucoma
• Diabetes mellitus (DM)
• Congenital
• CNS degenerative diseases
• Cerebral aneurysm
• Cavernous sinus thrombosis
• Adie’s syndrome
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Kembara Xtra 

Facts about medicine and its subtopic such as anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, pharmacology, medicine, pediatrics, psychiatry, obstetrics and gynecology and surgery.