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Differential Diagnosis of Ankle Sprain
• Fracture of the ankle or foot, particularly involving the distal
fibular growth plate in the immature patient
• Avulsion fracture of the fifth metatarsal base
• Fracture of the ankle or foot, particularly involving the distal
fibular growth plate in the immature patient
• Avulsion fracture of the fifth metatarsal base
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Differential Diagnosis of Anorectal Fissure
• Thrombosed hemorrhoid
• Proctalgia fugax
• Fistula
• Anorectal abscess
• Thrombosed hemorrhoid
• Proctalgia fugax
• Fistula
• Anorectal abscess
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Differential Diagnosis of Anorexia Nervosa
• Schizophrenia
• Occult carcinoma, lymphoma
• Infectious disorders: AIDS, TB
• GI disorders: celiac disease, Crohn’s disease, intestinal parasitosis
• Endocrine disorders: Addison’s disease, diabetes mellitus (DM), hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism, panhypopituitarism
• Depression with loss of appetite
• Conversion disorder
• Schizophrenia
• Occult carcinoma, lymphoma
• Infectious disorders: AIDS, TB
• GI disorders: celiac disease, Crohn’s disease, intestinal parasitosis
• Endocrine disorders: Addison’s disease, diabetes mellitus (DM), hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism, panhypopituitarism
• Depression with loss of appetite
• Conversion disorder
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Differential Diagnosis of Anovulation
• Weight loss/malnutrition
• Thyroid dysfunction (hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism)
• Systemic diseases (e.g., liver disease)
• Strenuous exercise
• Polycystic ovary syndrome
• Pituitary disorders (infarction, infection, trauma, irradiation, surgery, microadenomas, macroadenomas)
• Isolated gonadotropin deficiency
• Idiopathic hypopituitarism
• Empty sella syndrome
• Drug induced
• Anorexia and bulimia
• Adrenal hyperfunction (Cushing’s syndrome, congenital adrenal hyperplasia)
• Weight loss/malnutrition
• Thyroid dysfunction (hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism)
• Systemic diseases (e.g., liver disease)
• Strenuous exercise
• Polycystic ovary syndrome
• Pituitary disorders (infarction, infection, trauma, irradiation, surgery, microadenomas, macroadenomas)
• Isolated gonadotropin deficiency
• Idiopathic hypopituitarism
• Empty sella syndrome
• Drug induced
• Anorexia and bulimia
• Adrenal hyperfunction (Cushing’s syndrome, congenital adrenal hyperplasia)
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Differential Diagnosis of Anthrax
• The differential diagnosis of gastrointestinal anthrax includes viral gastroenteritis, shigellosis, and yersiniosis.
• Inhalation anthrax must be distinguished from influenza-like illness (ILI) and tularemia. Most cases of ILI are associated with nasal congestion and rhinorrhea, which are unusual in inhalation anthrax. An additional distinguishing factor is the usual absence of an abnormal chest radiograph in ILI.
• Cutaneous anthrax should be distinguished from staphylococcal disease, ecthyma, ecthyma gangrenosum, plague, brown recluse spider bite, and tularemia.
• The differential diagnosis of gastrointestinal anthrax includes viral gastroenteritis, shigellosis, and yersiniosis.
• Inhalation anthrax must be distinguished from influenza-like illness (ILI) and tularemia. Most cases of ILI are associated with nasal congestion and rhinorrhea, which are unusual in inhalation anthrax. An additional distinguishing factor is the usual absence of an abnormal chest radiograph in ILI.
• Cutaneous anthrax should be distinguished from staphylococcal disease, ecthyma, ecthyma gangrenosum, plague, brown recluse spider bite, and tularemia.
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Differential Diagnosis of Antinuclear Antibody (ANA) Positive
• Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) (more significant if titer >1 : 160)
• Sjögren’s syndrome
• Scleroderma
• Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
• Necrotizing vasculitis
• Mixed connective tissue disease
• Drugs (e.g., phenytoin, ethosuximide, primidone, methyldopa, hydralazine, carbamazepine, penicillin, procainamide, chlorpromazine, griseofulvin, thiazides)
• Autoimmune hepatitis
• Age older than 60 years (particularly age older than 80 years)
• Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) (more significant if titer >1 : 160)
• Sjögren’s syndrome
• Scleroderma
• Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
• Necrotizing vasculitis
• Mixed connective tissue disease
• Drugs (e.g., phenytoin, ethosuximide, primidone, methyldopa, hydralazine, carbamazepine, penicillin, procainamide, chlorpromazine, griseofulvin, thiazides)
• Autoimmune hepatitis
• Age older than 60 years (particularly age older than 80 years)
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Symptoms and Signs- Differential Diagnosis of Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome (APS)
• Other hypercoagulable states (inherited or acquired)
• Nephrotic syndrome
• Inherited: ATIII, protein C and S deficiencies, factor V Leiden, prothrombin gene mutation
• Homocystinemia
•Acquired: heparin-induced thrombopathy, myeloproliferative syndromes, cancer, hyperviscosity
• Other hypercoagulable states (inherited or acquired)
• Nephrotic syndrome
• Inherited: ATIII, protein C and S deficiencies, factor V Leiden, prothrombin gene mutation
• Homocystinemia
•Acquired: heparin-induced thrombopathy, myeloproliferative syndromes, cancer, hyperviscosity
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Symptoms and Signs - Differential Diagnosis of Anxiety
• Wide range of psychiatric and medical conditions; however, for a diagnosis of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) to be made, a person must experience anxiety with coexisting physical symptoms the majority of the time continuously for at least 6 months.
• Parkinson’s disease
• Myasthenia gravis
• Hyperthyroidism
• Consequence of recreational drug use (e.g., cocaine, amphetamine, and PCP) or withdrawal (e.g., alcohol or benzodiazepines)
• Cardiovascular or pulmonary disease
• Wide range of psychiatric and medical conditions; however, for a diagnosis of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) to be made, a person must experience anxiety with coexisting physical symptoms the majority of the time continuously for at least 6 months.
• Parkinson’s disease
• Myasthenia gravis
• Hyperthyroidism
• Consequence of recreational drug use (e.g., cocaine, amphetamine, and PCP) or withdrawal (e.g., alcohol or benzodiazepines)
• Cardiovascular or pulmonary disease
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Symptoms and Signs - Differential Diagnosis of Aortic Dissection
• Rib fracture
• Pulmonary embolism
• Pancreatitis
• Nondissecting aortic aneurysm
• Esophagitis
• Esophageal spasm
• Cholelithiasis, cholecystitis
• Aortic insufficiency
• Acute myocardial infarction (MI)
• Rib fracture
• Pulmonary embolism
• Pancreatitis
• Nondissecting aortic aneurysm
• Esophagitis
• Esophageal spasm
• Cholelithiasis, cholecystitis
• Aortic insufficiency
• Acute myocardial infarction (MI)
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Symptoms and Signs- Differential Diagnosis of Aortic Stenosis
• Ventricular septal defect
• Mitral regurgitation
• Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
• Aortic sclerosis. Aortic stenosis is distinguished from aortic sclerosis by the degree of valve impairment. In aortic sclerosis, the valve leaflets are abnormally thickened, but obstruction to outflow is minimal.
• Ventricular septal defect
• Mitral regurgitation
• Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
• Aortic sclerosis. Aortic stenosis is distinguished from aortic sclerosis by the degree of valve impairment. In aortic sclerosis, the valve leaflets are abnormally thickened, but obstruction to outflow is minimal.
