Medicine - kembara Xtra

Published on: March 20, 2024

Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Keratoacanthoma

Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Keratoacanthoma
• Basal cell carcinoma
• Molluscum contagiosum
• Seborrheic keratosis
• Squamous cell carcinoma
• Wart

Published on: March 20, 2024

Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Unilateral Kidney Enlargement

Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Unilateral Kidney Enlargement
• Acute renal vein thrombosis
• Hydronephrosis (may be bilateral)
• Polycystic kidney (may be bilateral)
• Pyonephrosis (may be bilateral)
• Renal cell carcinoma
• Simple cyst of kidney

Published on: March 20, 2024

Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Knee Pain

Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Knee Pain
DIFFUSE
• Articular
• Anterior
• Prepatellar bursitis
• Patellar tendon enthesopathy
• Chondromalacia patellae
• Patellofemoral osteoarthritis
• Cruciate ligament injury
• Medial plica syndrome
MEDIAL
• Anserine bursitis
• Spontaneous osteonecrosis
• Osteoarthritis
• Medial meniscal tear
• Medial collateral ligament bursitis
• Referred pain from hip and L3
• Fibromyalgia
LATERAL
• Iliotibial band syndrome
• Meniscal cyst
• Lateral meniscal tear
• Collateral ligament
• Peroneal tenosynovitis
POSTERIOR
• Popliteal cyst (Baker’s cyst)
• Tendinitis
• Aneurysms, ganglions, sarcoma

Published on: March 20, 2024

Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Knee Pain, in Different Age Groups

Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Knee Pain, in Different Age Groups
Common causes of knee pain in different age groups:
CHILDHOOD (2–10 YEARS)
Intra-articular
• Juvenile arthritis
• Osteochondritis dissecans
• Infection
• Torn discoid meniscus
Periarticular
• Osteomyelitis
Referred
• Perthes’ disease
• Irritable hip
ADOLESCENCE (10–18 YEARS)
Intra-articular
• Osteochondritis dissecans
• Torn meniscus
• Anterior knee pain syndrome
• Patellar instability
Periarticular
• Osgood-Schlatter disease
• Sinding-Larsen-Johansson syndrome
• Osteomyelitis
• Bone tumors
Referred
• Slipped upper femoral epiphysis
EARLY ADULTHOOD (18–30 YEARS)
Intra-articular
• Torn meniscus
• Patellar instability
• Anterior knee pain syndrome
• Inflammatory arthritis
Periarticular
• Ligament injuries
• Bursitis
ADULTHOOD (30–50 YEARS)
Intra-articular
• Degenerate meniscal tears
• Osteoarthritis
• Inflammatory arthritis
Periarticular
• Bursitis
Referred
• Osteoarthritis of hip
• Spinal disorders
OLD AGE (>50 YEARS)
Intra-articular
• Osteoarthritis
• Inflammatory arthritis
Referred
• Osteoarthritis of hip
• Spinal disorders

Published on: March 20, 2024

Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Inappropriate Secretion of Antidiuretic Hormone

Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Inappropriate Secretion of Antidiuretic Hormone
• Factitious hyponatremia (hyperglycemia, abnormal proteins, hyperlipidemia)
• Hyponatremia associated with hypervolemia (congestive heart failure [CHF], cirrhosis, nephrotic syndrome)
• Hypovolemia associated with hypovolemia (e.g., burns, GI fluid loss)

Published on: March 20, 2024

Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Inclusion Body Myositis

Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Inclusion Body Myositis
• AIDS
• Alcoholic myopathy
• Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
• Diabetic neuropathy
• Guillain-Barré syndrome
• Hypophosphatemia
• Hypothyroidism
• Muscular dystrophy
• Myasthenia gravis, Eaton-Lambert syndrome
• Polymyositis
• Trichinosis

Published on: March 20, 2024

Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Fecal Incontinence

Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Fecal Incontinence
NORMAL SPHINCTER
• Diarrhea
• Anorectal conditions
• Rectal carcinoma
• Inflammatory bowel disease
• Hemorrhoids
• Mucosal prolapse
• Fissure in ano
• Abnormal rectal sensation
ABNORMAL SPHINCTER
• Congenital abnormalities
• Anal sepsis
• Neurologic conditions
• Rectal prolapse
• Sphincter trauma
NEUROGENIC (IDIOPATHIC) INCONTINENCE

Published on: March 20, 2024

Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Female Infertility

Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Female Infertility
• Amenorrhea, anovulation
• Congenital absence of vagina
• Congenital anomalies
• Destroyed endocervical glands (after surgery or infection)
• Diabetes mellitus (DM)
• Endometriosis
• Imperforate hymen
• Intrauterine synechiae (Asherman’s syndrome)
• Leiomyomas, polyps
• Minor anovulatory disturbances
• Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) or puerperal infection
• Secondary to past peritonitis of nongenital origin
• Severe nutritional disturbances
• Sperm-agglutinating antibodies
• Sperm-immobilizing antibodies
• Thyroid disorders
• Uterine anomalies
• Vaginismus
• Vaginitis

Published on: March 20, 2024

Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Male Infertility

Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Male Infertility
• Abnormal sperm motion
• Abnormal viscosity
• Abnormal volume
• Congenital absence of vas deferens
• Cryptorchidism
• Ductal obstruction
• Ejaculatory disturbances
• Ejaculatory duct (post infection)
• Endocrine disorders
• Epididymal (post infection)
• Hypospadias
• Infection
• Post vasectomy
• Sexual problems (e.g., impotence), medical or psychological
• Sperm-agglutinating antibodies
• Sperm-immobilizing antibodies
• Stress, smoking, caffeine, nicotine, recreational drugs
• Testicular failure
• Varicocele

Published on: March 20, 2024

Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Influenza

Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Influenza
• Adenovirus infection
• Parainfluenza virus infection
• Respiratory syncytial virus
• Secondary bacterial pneumonia or mixed bacterial-viral pneumonia