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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of  Male Infertility 
• Abnormal sperm motion
• Abnormal viscosity
• Abnormal volume
• Congenital absence of vas deferens
• Cryptorchidism
• Ductal obstruction
• Ejaculatory disturbances
• Ejaculatory duct (post infection)
• Endocrine disorders
• Epididymal (post infection)
• Hypospadias
• Infection
• Post vasectomy
• Sexual problems (e.g., impotence), medical or psychological
• Sperm-agglutinating antibodies
• Sperm-immobilizing antibodies
• Stress, smoking, caffeine, nicotine, recreational drugs
• Testicular failure
• Varicocele
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Influenza
• Adenovirus infection
• Parainfluenza virus infection
• Respiratory syncytial virus
• Secondary bacterial pneumonia or mixed bacterial-viral pneumonia
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Insomnia
• Anxiety disorder, psychophysiologic insomnia
• Depression
• Drugs (e.g., caffeine, amphetamines, cocaine), hypnotic-dependent sleep disorder
• Inadequate sleep hygiene
• Medical illness (e.g., gastroesophageal reflux disease [GERD], sleep-related asthma, parkinsonism, and movement disorders)
• Narcolepsy
• Obstructive sleep apnea
• Other: periodic leg movement of sleep, central sleep apnea, rapid eye movement (REM) behavioral disorder
• Pain, fibromyalgia
• Restless leg syndrome
• Sleep bruxism
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of   Insulinoma (Differential Diagnosis of Fasting
Hypoglycemia)
• Addison’s disease
• Alcohol abuse
• Autoantibodies to insulin receptor or insulin
• Endocrine hypofunction
• Exogenous agents
• Functional fasting hypoglycemia
• Glycogen storage diseases
• Hepatic enzyme deficiencies or decreased hepatic glucose output (primarily in infants and children)
• Hyperinsulinism
• Hypopituitarism
• Insulin
• Insulinoma
• Liver failure
• Malnutrition
• Nonpancreatic tumors
• Other drugs (aspirin, pentamidine)
• Severe congestive heart failure
• Severe renal insufficiency in non–insulin-dependent diabetes
• Sulfonylureas, biguanides
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Interstitial Cystitis
• Benign prostatic hyperplasia
• Chronic nonbacterial prostatitis
• Chronic pelvic pain
• Endometriosis
• Frequent vaginitis
• Overactive bladder
• Pelvic adhesions
• Recurrent urinary tract infection
• Urethral pain syndrome
• Vulvar vestibulitis
• Vulvodynia
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of  Intestinal Pseudo-obstruction
• Amyloidosis
• Chronic renal failure
• Diabetes mellitus (DM)
• Drug toxicity caused by anticholinergics, opiate narcotics
• Hollow visceral myopathy: familial, sporadic
• Hypokalemia
• Muscular dystrophy
• Myxedema
• Neuropathic: abnormal myenteric plexus, normal myenteric plexus
• Ogilvie’s syndrome
• Scleroderma
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Intracranial Lesion
• Abscess
• Angioma
• Artifact
• Granuloma
• Herpes encephalitis
• Intracranial hemorrhage
• Multiple sclerosis (MS) (initial single lesion)
• Stroke
• Tumor (primary or metastatic)
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension
• The symptoms and signs of IIH are essentially those of raised intracranial pressure (ICP), and the differential diagnosis includes any condition that may be associated with raised ICP. Here we consider only those disease processes in which elevated ICP occurs in the context of normal CSF analysis and normal MRI. (Of note, venous sinus thrombosis [VST] is on this list despite associated MRI findings. VST should be excluded in all individuals with suspected IIH.)
• Medications: vitamin A and retinoids, steroids (both use and withdrawal), oral contraceptives
• Autoimmune disorders: systemic lupus erythematosus, Behçet’s disease
• Vascular disease: venous sinus thrombosis
• Other conditions: hypertension, CHF, pregnancy, obesity, uremia, obstructive sleep apnea
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis
• Occupational exposures (e.g., asbestos, silica)
• Other idiopathic interstitial pneumonias: desquamative interstitial pneumonia, interstitial lung disease, acute interstitial pneumonia, nonspecific interstitial pneumonia, cryptogenic organizing pneumonia, bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia
• Sarcoidosis and connective tissue disease
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Kembara Xtra 

Facts about medicine and its subtopic such as anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, pharmacology, medicine, pediatrics, psychiatry, obstetrics and gynecology and surgery.