Medicine - kembara Xtra

Published on: March 16, 2024

Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of HIV Infection, Ocular Manifestations

Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of HIV Infection, Ocular Manifestations
EYELIDS
• Molluscum contagiosum
• Kaposi’s sarcoma
CORNEA/CONJUNCTIVA
• Keratoconjunctivitis sicca
• Bacterial/fungal ulcerative keratitis
• Herpes simplex
• Herpes zoster ophthalmicus
• Conjunctival microvasculopathy
• Kaposi’s sarcoma
RETINA, CHOROID, AND VITREOUS
• Microvasculopathy
• Endophthalmitis
• Cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis
• Acute retinal necrosis
• Syphilis
• Toxoplasmosis
• Pneumocystis choroidopathy
• Cryptococcosis
• Mycobacterial infection
• Intraocular lymphoma
• Candidiasis
• Histoplasmosis
DRUGS ASSOCIATED WITH OCULAR TOXICITY
• Rifabutin
• Didanosine
NEURO-OPHTHALMIC
• Disc edema
• Primary or secondary optic neuropathy
• Cranial nerve palsies
ORBITAL
• Lymphoma
• Infection
• Pseudotumor

Published on: March 16, 2024

Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of HIV Infection, Pulmonary Disease

Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of HIV Infection, Pulmonary Disease
MYCOBACTERIAL
• Mycobacterium tuberculosis
• Mycobacterium kansasii
• Mycobacterium avium complex
• Other nontuberculous mycobacteria
OTHER BACTERIAL
• Streptococcus pneumoniae
• Staphylococcus aureus
• Haemophilus influenzae
• Enterobacteriaceae
• Pseudomonas aeruginosa
• Moraxella catarrhalis
• Group A streptococcus
• Nocardia species
• Rhodococcus equi
• Chlamydia pneumoniae
FUNGAL
• Pneumocystis jiroveci
• Cryptococcus neoformans
• Histoplasma capsulatum
• Coccidioides immitis
• Aspergillus species
• Bacillus dermatitidis
• Penicillium marneffei
VIRAL
• Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
• Herpes simplex virus
• Adenovirus
• Respiratory syncytial virus
• Influenza viruses
• Parainfluenza virus
OTHER
• Toxoplasma gondii
• Strongyloides stercoralis
• Kaposi’s sarcoma
• Lymphoma
• Lung cancer
• Lymphocytic interstitial pneumonitis
• Nonspecific interstitial pneumonitis
• Bronchiolitis obliterans with organizing pneumonia
• Pulmonary hypertension
• Emphysema-like or bullous disease
• Pneumothorax
• Congestive heart failure (CHF)
• Diffuse alveolar damage
• Pulmonary embolus

Published on: March 16, 2024

Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Hoarseness

Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Hoarseness
• Allergic rhinitis
• Endocrine abnormalities (puberty, menopause, hypothyroidism)
• Infections (laryngitis, epiglottitis, tracheitis, croup)
• Irritants (tobacco smoke)
• Neoplastic involvement of vocal cord (primary or metastatic)
• Neurologic abnormalities (multiple sclerosis [MS], amyotrophic
• Other (laryngeal webs or cysts, psychogenic, muscle tension
• Vocal cord polyps
• Vocal cord trauma (intubation, surgery)
• Voice strain
abnormalities)
lateral sclerosis [ALS], parkinsonism)

Published on: March 16, 2024

Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Hodgkin’s Disease

Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Hodgkin’s Disease
• Cat-scratch disease
• Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)
• Drug reaction
• Infections (e.g., cytomegalovirus [CMV], Epstein-Barr virus, toxoplasma, HIV)
• Metastatic neoplasm
• Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
• Sarcoidosis

Published on: March 16, 2024

Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Hookworm

Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Hookworm
• Ascariasis
• Other causes of iron deficiency anemia and malabsorption
• Strongyloidiasis

Published on: March 16, 2024

Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Hordeolum

Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Hordeolum
• Acute dacryocystitis
• Allergy or contact dermatitis with conjunctival edema
• Cellulitis of the eyelid
• Chalazion
• Eyelid abscess
• Herpes simplex infection

Published on: March 16, 2024

Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Horner’s Syndrome

Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Horner’s Syndrome
CAUSES OF ANISOCORIA (UNEQUAL PUPILS)
• Iritis
• Mydriatic use
• Normal variant
• Prosthetic eye
• Unilateral cataract

Published on: March 16, 2024

Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Hot Flashes

Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Hot Flashes
• Anxiety disorder
• Carcinoid syndrome
• Hyperthyroidism
• Idiopathic flushing
• Lymphoma (night sweats)
• Medications (e.g., niacin)
• Menopause

Published on: March 16, 2024

Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Human Granulocytic Ehrlichiosis

Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Human Granulocytic Ehrlichiosis
• Adenovirus pneumonia
• Babesiosis
• Brucellosis
• Caused by Ehrlichia chaffeensis (vector: tick Amblyomma americanum, possibly Dermacentor variabilis)
• Enteroviral infections
• Human monocytic ehrlichiosis (HME)
• Influenza
• Legionnaires’ disease
• Leptospirosis
• Lyme disease
• Meningococcemia
• Morulae in monocytes
• Rash more common, sometimes petechial
• Rocky Mountain spotted fever, Colorado tick fever, Q fever, relapsing fever
• Tularemia
• Typhoid fever, paratyphoid fever
• Typhus
• Viral hepatitis

Published on: March 16, 2024

Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection

Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection
• Acute infection: mononucleosis or other respiratory viral infections
• Late symptoms: similar to those produced by other wasting illnesses, such as neoplasms, TB, disseminated fungal infection, malabsorption, or depression
• HIV-related encephalopathy: confused with Alzheimer’s disease or other causes of chronic dementia; myelopathy and neuropathy possibly resembling other demyelinating diseases, such as multiple sclerosis (MS)