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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Hepatitis A
• Autoimmune hepatitis
• Brucellosis
• Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection
• Drug-induced liver disease
• Herpes simplex virus infection
• Infectious mononucleosis
• Ischemic hepatitis
• Leptospirosis
• Other hepatitis virus (B, C, D, E)
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Hepatic Cysts
• Ductal: localized dilatation, multiple cystic dilatations of intrahepatic ducts (Caroli’s disease)
• Inflammatory cysts: retention cysts, echinococcal cyst, amebic cyst
• Neoplastic cyst
• Parenchymal: solitary cyst, polycystic disease
• Peliosis hepatis
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Hepatic Encephalopathy
• Alcohol withdrawal syndrome
• Cerebral anoxia
• Cerebrovascular accident, subdural hematoma
• Delirium caused by medications or illicit drugs
• Hypercalcemia
• Hypoglycemia
• Meningitis, encephalitis
• Metastatic neoplasm to brain
• Uremia
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Hepatic Coma
• Cerebral anoxia
• Cerebrovascular accident (CVA), subdural hematoma
• Delirium secondary to medications or illicit drugs
• Hypercalcemia
• Hypoglycemia
• Meningitis, encephalitis
• Metastatic neoplasm to brain
• Uremia
• Alcohol withdrawal syndrome
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Hemoperitoneum
• Ectopic pregnancy
• Ruptured aneurysm
• Ruptured bladder
• Ruptured graafian follicle
• Ruptured spleen
• Traumatic laceration of bowel, pancreas, uterus
• Traumatic laceration of liver
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Hemoptysis
• Abscess
• Arteriovenous (AV) fistula
• Bronchiectasis
• Bronchitis
• Cystic fibrosis (CF), bullous emphysema
• Drugs: aspirin, anticoagulants, penicillamine
• Epistaxis, trauma
• Erosion of aortic aneurysm
• Fungal infections (aspergillosis, coccidioidomycosis)
• Goodpasture’s syndrome
• Hematologic disorders (clotting abnormalities, disseminated intravascular coagulation [DIC], thrombocytopenia)
• Idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis
• Infection
• Laryngeal bleeding (laryngitis, laryngeal neoplasm)
• Left ventricular (LV) failure
• Mediastinal fibrosis
• Mitral stenosis
• Neoplasm (primary or metastatic)
• Parasitic infections (amebiasis, ascariasis, paragonimiasis)
• Pneumonia: Streptococcus pneumoniae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Legionella pneumophila
• Pulmonary arteriovenous (AV) fistula
• Pulmonary embolism/infarction
• Pulmonary hypertension
• Pulmonary sequestration
• Severe hypertension
• Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
• TB
• Trauma (needle biopsy, foreign body, right-sided heart catheterization, prolonged and severe cough)
• Vasculitis: Wegener’s granulomatosis, Churg-Strauss syndrome, Henoch-Schönlein purpura
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Kembara Xtra 

Facts about medicine and its subtopic such as anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, pharmacology, medicine, pediatrics, psychiatry, obstetrics and gynecology and surgery.