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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Hemolysis, Intravascular
• Cold agglutinins
• Exertional hemolysis (e.g., prolonged march)
• Infections
• Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia
• Osmotic and chemical agents
• Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH)
• Thermal injury
• Valve hemolysis
• Venoms (snakes, spiders)
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of  Mechanical Hemolysis 
• Aortic stenosis
• Diabetes
• Glomerulonephritis
• Malignant hypertension
• Metastatic adenocarcinoma
• Prosthetic heart valves
• Renal cortical necrosis
• Renal transplants
• Renal vasculitis
• Scleroderma
• Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP), hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS)
• Traumatic exercise
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome (HUS)
• Disseminated intravascular coagulation
• Malignant hypertension
• Prosthetic valve hemolysis
• The differential is vast, including all causes of bloody and nonbloody diarrhea, because the GI symptoms usually precede the triad of HUS.
• Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura
• Vasculitis
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Hemolysis and Hemoglobinuria
• Brown recluse spider bite
• Drugs (penicillins, quinidine, methyldopa, sulfonamides, nitrofurantoin)
• Erythrocyte enzyme deficiencies (e.g., exposure to fava beans in patients with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase [G6PD] deficiency)
• Erythrocyte trauma (prosthetic cardiac valves, marching and severe trauma, extensive burns)
• Hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS)
• Incompatible blood transfusions
• Infections (malaria, Bartonella, Clostridium welchii)
• Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH)
• Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP)
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Hemiparesis/Hemiplegia
• Acute fatty liver of pregnancy
• Cerebral neoplasm
• Cerebrovascular accident (CVA)
• CNS infection
• Congenital disorders
• Epidural hematoma
• Hypoglycemia
• Leukodystrophies
• Metabolic (hyperosmolar state, electrolyte imbalance)
• Migraine
• Multiple sclerosis (MS) or other demyelinating disorder
• Psychiatric disorders
• Subdural hematoma
• Todd’s paralysis
• Transient ischemic attack (TIA)
• Vasculitis
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of  Hematuria
• Calculi: renal, ureteral, bladder, urethra
• Congenital anomalies: hemangiomas, aneurysms, arteriovenous malformation (AVM)
• Cysts: simple cysts, polycystic disease
• Infections: glomerulonephritis, TB, cystitis, prostatitis, urethritis, Schistosoma haematobium, yellow fever, blackwater fever
• Inflammatory processes: Goodpasture’s syndrome, periarteritis,
• Sickle cell disease and other hematologic disturbances: hemophilia, thrombocytopenia, anticoagulants
• Somewhere else: bleeding genitals, factitious (drug addicts)
• Surgery: invasive procedures, prostatic resection, cystoscopy
• Toxins: turpentine, phenols, sulfonamides and other antibiotics, cyclophosphamide, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
• Trauma: blow to kidney, insertion of Foley catheter or foreign body in urethra, prolonged and severe exercise, very rapid emptying of overdistended bladder
• Tumor: hypernephroma, Wilms’ tumor, papillary carcinoma of the bladder, prostatic and urethral neoplasms
post irradiation
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Hematuria, Cause by Age and Sex
0–20 YEARS
• Acute urinary tract infection (UTI)
• Acute glomerulonephritis
• Congenital urinary tract anomalies with obstruction
• Trauma to genitals
20–40 YEARS
• Acute UTI
• Trauma to genitals
• Urolithiasis
• Bladder cancer
40–60 YEARS (WOMEN)
• Acute UTI
• Bladder cancer
• Urolithiasis
40–60 YEARS (MEN)
• Acute UTI
• Bladder cancer
• Urolithiasis
60 YEARS AND OLDER (WOMEN)
• Acute UTI
• Bladder cancer
• Vaginal trauma or irritation
• Urolithiasis
60 YEARS AND OLDER (MEN)
• Acute UTI
• Benign prostatic hyperplasia
• Bladder cancer
• Urolithiasis
• Trauma
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis  of Hematemesis
Causes of hematemesis:
• Aortoenteric fistula
• Carcinoma of esophagus or stomach
• Esophageal varices
• Gastric or duodenal ulcer or erosions
• Mallory-Weiss tear (a laceration at the gastroesophageal junction)
• Ulcerated gastrointestinal stromal tumor
• Ulcerative esophagitis
• Vascular malformations
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of  HELLP Syndrome
• Appendicitis
• Gallbladder disease
• Peptic ulcer
• Enteritis
• Hepatitis
• Pyelonephritis
• Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
• Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura
• Hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS)
• Acute fatty liver of pregnancy
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Kembara Xtra 

Facts about medicine and its subtopic such as anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, pharmacology, medicine, pediatrics, psychiatry, obstetrics and gynecology and surgery.