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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis  of Hemarthrosis
• Anticoagulant therapy
• Bleeding disorders (e.g., von Willebrand disease)
• Charcot’s joint
• Idiopathic
• Other: pigmented villonodular synovitis, hemangioma, synovioma,
• Thrombocytopenia, thrombocytosis
• Trauma
arteriovenous (AV) fistula, ruptured aneurysm
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Migraine Headache 
• Subarachnoid hemorrhage
• Cluster headache
• Chronic daily headaches (including drug rebound headaches)
• Arteriovenous malformation
• Vasculitis
• Intracranial mass lesion
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Symptoms and Signs – Differential diagnosis of Tension Type  Headache 
• Cervical spine disease
• Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (found more often in obese women of childbearing age; may have papilledema, visual loss, or diplopia)
• Intracranial mass (may present with focal neurologic signs, seizures, or headache awakening patient from sleep)
• Migraine 
• Migraine and tension-type headache may often coexist and may be difficult to differentiate (suggest headache calendar).
• Rebound headache from overuse of analgesics
• Secondary headache (e.g., temporomandibular joint syndrome, thyrotoxicosis, polycythemia, drug side effects)
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Acute Hearing Loss
• Conductive: cerumen impaction, foreign bodies, otitis media, otitis externa, barotrauma, trauma
• Infectious: mumps, measles, influenza, herpes simplex, herpes zoster, cytomegalovirus (CMV), mononucleosis, syphilis
• Medications: aminoglycosides, loop diuretics, antineoplastics, salicylates, vancomycin
• Metabolic: diabetes, pregnancy, hyperlipoproteinemia
• Neoplasm: acoustic neuroma, metastatic neoplasm
• Vascular: macroglobulinemia, sickle cell disease, Berger’s disease, leukemia, polycythemia, fat emboli, hypercoagulable states
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Heartburn and Indigestion
• Excessive intestinal gas (ingestion of flatulogenic foods, GI stasis, constipation)
• Functional GI disorder (anxiety disorder, social/environmental stresses)
• Gallbladder disease
• Gas entrapment (hepatitis or splenic flexure syndrome)
• Gastritis
• Neoplasm (adenocarcinoma of stomach or esophagus, lymphoma)
• Nonulcer dyspepsia
• Reflux esophagitis
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Heat Illness
• Infections (meningitis, encephalitis, sepsis)
• Head trauma
• Epilepsy
• Thyroid storm
• Acute cocaine intoxication
• Malignant hyperthermia
• Heat exhaustion can be differentiated from heat stroke by the following:
• Essentially intact mental function and lack of significant fever in heat exhaustion
• Mild or absent increases in creatine kinase (CK), aspartate transaminase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in heat exhaustion
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Heel Pain
• Achilles tendinitis/tendinopathy (insertional, noninsertional)
• Calcaneal stress fracture
• Cellulitis
• Fat pad atrophy
• Haglund deformity
• Neuropathy (tarsal tunnel, posterior tibial nerve [medial calcaneal branch], abductor digiti quinti)
• Paget’s disease of bone
• Plantar fasciopathy
• Primary or metastatic bone tumor
• Puncture wound, foreign body
• Retrocalcaneal bursitis (superficial, deep)
• S1 radiculopathy
• Soft tissue tumor
• Spondyloarthropathy
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Kembara Xtra 

Facts about medicine and its subtopic such as anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, pharmacology, medicine, pediatrics, psychiatry, obstetrics and gynecology and surgery.