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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Binocular Diplopia 
• Cavernous sinus thrombosis
• Cranial nerve palsy (third, fourth, sixth)
• Decompensated strabismus
• Myasthenia gravis
• Orbital pseudotumor
• Orbital trauma with blowout fracture
• Thyroid eye disease
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Monocular Diplopia
• Cataracts
• Corneal disorder (e.g., dry eye, astigmatism)
• Defective contact lenses
• Eyelid twitching
• Foreign body in aqueous or vitreous media
• Lens subluxation
• Lesions of occipital cortex
• Migraine
• Nystagmus
• Poorly fitting bifocals
• Postoperative corrected long-standing tropia
• Psychogenic
• Trauma to iris
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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Vertical Diplopia 
​• Botulism
• Brainstem or cerebellar lesions
• Dysthyroid orbitopathy (muscle infiltration)
• Hydrocephalus
• Lymphoma or metastases affecting the orbits
• Myasthenia
• Myositis or pseudotumor with orbital involvement
• Superior oblique palsy
• Third nerve palsy
• Wernicke’s encephalopathy

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​Symptoms and Signs -Differential Diagnosis of Discoid Lupus Erythematosus (DLE)
• Actinic keratosis
• Dermatomyositis
• Keratoacanthoma
• Lichen planus
• Photosensitivity eruption
• Psoriasis
• Rosacea
• Sarcoidosis
• Secondary syphilis
• Subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus
• Superficial fungal infections
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)
• Hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS)
• Hepatic necrosis: normal or elevated factor VIII concentrations
• Renal failure, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), sickle cell crisis, dysfibrinogenemias
• Thrombocytopenic purpura
• Vitamin K deficiency: normal platelet count
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Diverticular Disease
• Carcinoma of colon
• Endometriosis
• Infections (pseudomembranous colitis, appendicitis, pyelonephritis, pelvic inflammatory disease [PID])
• Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
• Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
• Ischemic colitis
• Lactose intolerance
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Dizziness
• Air or sea travel
• Alcohol or drug abuse
• Anxiety, hyperventilation
• Arteritis
• Autonomic neuropathy
• Benign positional paroxysmal vertigo
• Brainstem infarct
• Cardiac abnormalities (arrhythmias, cardiomyopathy, CHF,
• Cerebellopontine tumor
• Cervical osteoarthritis
• Chronic otomastoiditis
• Complex partial seizures
• Electrolyte abnormalities
• Eye problems (cornea, lens, retina)
• Head trauma
• Hematologic disorders (e.g., anemia, polycythemia, leukemia)
• Hepatic or renal disease
• Hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia
• Medications (e.g., sedatives, antihypertensives, analgesics)
• Meniere’s disease
• Migraine
• Multiple sclerosis
• Perilymph fistula
• Peripheral vestibulopathy
• Postural hypotension
• Ramsay Hunt syndrome
• Syncope and presyncope
• Vertebrobasilar ischemia
• Viral syndrome
• Withdrawal from medications (e.g., benzodiazepines, SSRIs)
pericarditis)
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Drug Eruption
• Viral exanthem such as enterovirus, echovirus, cytomegalovirus
• Secondary syphilis
• Scarlet fever
• Rubella
• Primary HIV disease
• Measles
• Kawasaki’s disease
• Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis
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 Symptoms and Signs -  Dry Eye
• Contacts
• Environmental causes (air-conditioning in patient with contacts)
• Keratoconjunctivitis sicca
• Medications (antihistamines, clonidine, β-blockers, ibuprofen, scopolamine) 
• Trauma
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Kembara Xtra 

Facts about medicine and its subtopic such as anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, pharmacology, medicine, pediatrics, psychiatry, obstetrics and gynecology and surgery.