Medicine - kembara Xtra

Published on: February 5, 2024

Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Café au Lait Macule

Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Café au Lait Macule
• Lentigo
• Multiple lentigines syndrome
• Nevi
• Seborrheic keratosis

Published on: February 5, 2024

Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Calcification on Chest Radiograph

Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Calcification on Chest Radiograph
• Tuberculosis
• Silicosis
• Secondary hyperparathyroidism
• Mitral stenosis (end stage)
• Lung neoplasm (primary or metastatic)
• Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
• Histoplasmosis
• Disseminated varicella infection

Published on: February 5, 2024

Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Cutaneous Calcifications

Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Cutaneous Calcifications
•Calcification, Raynaud’s phenomenon, esophageal dysmotility, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasia (CREST) syndrome
• Chronic renal failure
• Dermatomyositis
• Hyperparathyroidism
• Hypervitaminosis D
• Iatrogenic (e.g., application of calcium alginate dressing to skin)
• Idiopathic
• Leukemia
• Lymphoma
• Milk-alkali syndrome
• Multiple myeloma
• Pancreatitis or pancreatic cancer
• Panniculitis
• Parasitic infections
• Sarcoidosis
• Trauma

Published on: February 5, 2024

Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Calcium Stones

Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Calcium Stones
• Thyrotoxicosis
• Sarcoidosis
• Renal tubular acidosis
• Prolonged immobilization
• Primary hyperparathyroidism
• Milk-alkali syndrome
• Medications (e.g., antacids, loop diuretics, vitamin D, acetazolamide, glucocorticoids)
• Hypocitraturia (e.g., metabolic acidosis, hypomagnesemia, hypokalemia)
• Hyperuricosuria (e.g., hyperuricemia, excessive dietary purine, allopurinol, probenecid)
• Hyperoxaluria (e.g., Crohn’s disease, celiac disease, chronic pancreatitis)
• Hypercalcemia from malignant disease

Published on: February 5, 2024

Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Candidiasis

Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Candidiasis
• Cellulitis
• Eczema
• Psoriasis
• Seborrheic dermatitis
• Tinea

Published on: February 5, 2024

Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Vulvovaginal Candidiasis

Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Vulvovaginal Candidiasis
• Bacterial vaginosis
• Trichomoniasis

Published on: February 5, 2024

Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Carbon Monoxide Poisoning

Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
• Viral syndromes
• Theophylline toxicity
• Phenothiazines
• PCP
• Methemoglobinemia
• Hydrogen sulfide
• Cyclic antidepressants
• Cyanide
• Cocaine
• Amphetamines and derivatives

Published on: February 5, 2024

Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Carcinoid Syndrome

Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Carcinoid Syndrome
• Anxiety
• Hyperthyroidism
• Idiopathic flushing
• Medications (e.g., niacin)
• Menopause

Published on: February 5, 2024

Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Non Traumatic Cardiac Arrest

Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Non Traumatic Cardiac Arrest
• Toxins (carbon monoxide, cyanide)
• Respiratory (upper airway obstruction, hypoventilation, pulmonary embolism, asthma, COPD exacerbation, pulmonary edema)
• Medications (tricyclic antidepressants, digoxin, theophylline, calcium channel blockers)
• Environmental (drowning/near-drowning, electrocution, lightning, hypothermia or hyperthermia, venomous snakes)
• Electrolyte abnormalities (hypokalemia or hyperkalemia, hypomagnesemia or hypermagnesemia, hypocalcemia)
• Drug abuse (cocaine, heroin, amphetamines)
• Circulatory (tension pneumothorax, pericardial tamponade, pulmonary embolism [PE], hemorrhage, sepsis)
• Cardiac (coronary artery disease, cardiomyopathies, structural abnormalities, valve dysfunction, arrhythmias)

Published on: February 5, 2024

Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Cardiac Death, Sudden

Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Cardiac Death, Sudden1
NONCARDIAC
• CNS hemorrhage
• Massive pulmonary embolus
• Drug overdose
• Hypoxia secondary to lung disease
• Aortic dissection or rupture
CARDIAC
• Ventricular tachycardia
• Bradyarrhythmia, sick sinus syndrome
• Aortic stenosis
• Tetralogy of Fallot
• Pericardial tamponade
• Cardiac tumors
• Complications of infective endocarditis
• Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (arrhythmia or obstruction)
• Myocardial ischemia
• Atherosclerosis
• Prinzmetal’s angina
• Kawasaki’s arteritis