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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Breast Cancer
• Duct ectasia
• Fat necrosis
• Fibroadenoma
• Fibrocystic changes
• Hamartoma
• Hematoma
• Mammary adenosis
• Duct ectasia
• Fat necrosis
• Fibroadenoma
• Fibrocystic changes
• Hamartoma
• Hematoma
• Mammary adenosis
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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Breast Inflammatory Lesion
• Trauma
• Necrosis or infarction (anticoagulant therapy, pregnancy)
• Mastitis (Staphylococcus aureus, beta-hemolytic streptococcus)
• Granuloma (TB, fungal)
• Foreign body (sutures, breast implants)
• Fat necrosis post biopsy
• Breast malignant neoplasm
• Trauma
• Necrosis or infarction (anticoagulant therapy, pregnancy)
• Mastitis (Staphylococcus aureus, beta-hemolytic streptococcus)
• Granuloma (TB, fungal)
• Foreign body (sutures, breast implants)
• Fat necrosis post biopsy
• Breast malignant neoplasm
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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Breast Mass
• Benign tumors (fibroadenoma, papilloma)
• Breast abscess
• Duct ectasia
• Fat necrosis
• Fibrocystic breasts
• Hematoma
• Malignant neoplasm
• Mammary adenosis
• Mastitis (acute bacterial mastitis, chronic mastitis)
• Benign tumors (fibroadenoma, papilloma)
• Breast abscess
• Duct ectasia
• Fat necrosis
• Fibrocystic breasts
• Hematoma
• Malignant neoplasm
• Mammary adenosis
• Mastitis (acute bacterial mastitis, chronic mastitis)
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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Breath Odor
• Sweet, fruity: diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), starvation ketosis
• Musty fish, clover: fetor hepaticus (hepatic failure)
• Halitosis: tonsillitis, gingivitis, respiratory infections, Vincent’s angina, gastroesophageal reflux, Helicobacter pylori infection, Zenker’s diverticulum
• Foul, putrid: nasal/sinus pathology (infection, foreign body, cancer), respiratory infections (empyema, lung abscess, bronchiectasis)
• Foul, feculent: intestinal obstruction/diverticulum
• Fishy, stale: uremia (trimethylamines)
• Cinnamon: pulmonary TB
• Ammonia-like: uremia (ammonia)
• Achalasia
• Sweet, fruity: diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), starvation ketosis
• Musty fish, clover: fetor hepaticus (hepatic failure)
• Halitosis: tonsillitis, gingivitis, respiratory infections, Vincent’s angina, gastroesophageal reflux, Helicobacter pylori infection, Zenker’s diverticulum
• Foul, putrid: nasal/sinus pathology (infection, foreign body, cancer), respiratory infections (empyema, lung abscess, bronchiectasis)
• Foul, feculent: intestinal obstruction/diverticulum
• Fishy, stale: uremia (trimethylamines)
• Cinnamon: pulmonary TB
• Ammonia-like: uremia (ammonia)
• Achalasia
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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Noisy Breathing
• Acquired abnormality (at every level of the airway): nasal polyps, hypertrophied adenoids or tonsils, foreign body, intraluminal tumors, bronchiectasis
• Compression from outside of the airway: esophageal cysts or foreign body, neoplasms, lymphadenopathy
• Congenital malformation and abnormality: vascular rings, laryngeal webs, laryngomalacia, tracheomalacia, hemangiomas within the upper airway, stenoses within the upper airway, cystic fibrosis
• Infection: upper respiratory infection, peritonsillar abscess, retropharyngeal abscess, epiglottitis, laryngitis, tracheitis, bronchitis, bronchiolitis
• Irritants and allergens: hyperactive airway, asthma (reactive airway disease), rhinitis, angioneurotic edema
• Neurogenic disorder: vocal cord paralysis
• Acquired abnormality (at every level of the airway): nasal polyps, hypertrophied adenoids or tonsils, foreign body, intraluminal tumors, bronchiectasis
• Compression from outside of the airway: esophageal cysts or foreign body, neoplasms, lymphadenopathy
• Congenital malformation and abnormality: vascular rings, laryngeal webs, laryngomalacia, tracheomalacia, hemangiomas within the upper airway, stenoses within the upper airway, cystic fibrosis
• Infection: upper respiratory infection, peritonsillar abscess, retropharyngeal abscess, epiglottitis, laryngitis, tracheitis, bronchitis, bronchiolitis
• Irritants and allergens: hyperactive airway, asthma (reactive airway disease), rhinitis, angioneurotic edema
• Neurogenic disorder: vocal cord paralysis
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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Bronchiectasis
• TB
• Lung carcinoma
• Interstitial fibrosis
• Foreign body aspiration
• Cystic fibrosis
• Chronic lung abscess
• Chronic bronchitis or chronic sinusitis
• Asthma
• TB
• Lung carcinoma
• Interstitial fibrosis
• Foreign body aspiration
• Cystic fibrosis
• Chronic lung abscess
• Chronic bronchitis or chronic sinusitis
• Asthma
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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Acute Bronchitis
• Allergic aspergillosis
• Aspiration
• Asthma
• Bronchiolitis
• Bronchogenic neoplasm
• Congestive heart failure (CHF) (in elderly patients)
• Cough secondary to medications
• Cystic fibrosis
• Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
• Influenza
• Neoplasm (elderly patients)
• Pharyngitis
• Pneumonia
• Sinusitis
• Allergic aspergillosis
• Aspiration
• Asthma
• Bronchiolitis
• Bronchogenic neoplasm
• Congestive heart failure (CHF) (in elderly patients)
• Cough secondary to medications
• Cystic fibrosis
• Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
• Influenza
• Neoplasm (elderly patients)
• Pharyngitis
• Pneumonia
• Sinusitis
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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Brown Urine
• Use of multivitamin supplements
• Urinary tract infection
• Myoglobin
• Medications (antimalarials, metronidazole, nitrofurantoin, levodopa, methyldopa, phenazopyridine)
• Diet rich in fava beans
• Concentrated urine
• Bile pigments
• Use of multivitamin supplements
• Urinary tract infection
• Myoglobin
• Medications (antimalarials, metronidazole, nitrofurantoin, levodopa, methyldopa, phenazopyridine)
• Diet rich in fava beans
• Concentrated urine
• Bile pigments
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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Bruising
• Alcohol abuse
• Coagulation factor deficiencies
• Cushing’s disease
• Disseminated intravascular coagulation
• Ehlers-Danlos syndrome
• Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia
• Leukemia
• Marfan syndrome
• Medication induced (warfarin, aspirin, NSAIDs, prednisone)
• Physical abuse
• Platelet disorders
• Purpura simplex
• Senile purpura
• Vasculitis
• Vitamin C deficiency
• Alcohol abuse
• Coagulation factor deficiencies
• Cushing’s disease
• Disseminated intravascular coagulation
• Ehlers-Danlos syndrome
• Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia
• Leukemia
• Marfan syndrome
• Medication induced (warfarin, aspirin, NSAIDs, prednisone)
• Physical abuse
• Platelet disorders
• Purpura simplex
• Senile purpura
• Vasculitis
• Vitamin C deficiency
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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Bruxism
• Temporomandibular joint disorders
• Oral motor disorders
• Malocclusion
• Dental compression syndrome
• Chronic orofacial pain disorders
• Anxiety disorder
• Temporomandibular joint disorders
• Oral motor disorders
• Malocclusion
• Dental compression syndrome
• Chronic orofacial pain disorders
• Anxiety disorder
