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KembaraXtra-Psychology - average evoked potential
An average evoked potential (also called an average evoked response, AER) is an evoked brain response whose waveform is obtained by averaging many trials to reduce random noise, and it connects to event-related potentials such as N140, N400, P50, P200, P300, P600, and related measurement concepts.
An average evoked potential (also called an average evoked response, AER) is an evoked brain response whose waveform is obtained by averaging many trials to reduce random noise, and it connects to event-related potentials such as N140, N400, P50, P200, P300, P600, and related measurement concepts.
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KembaraXtra-Psychology - average heterozygosity
Average heterozygosity measures genetic variability in a population by estimating the average proportion of organisms that are heterozygous at specified gene loci. Low values—such as reported for cheetahs—may reflect an evolutionary bottleneck and can increase vulnerability to extinction.
Average heterozygosity measures genetic variability in a population by estimating the average proportion of organisms that are heterozygous at specified gene loci. Low values—such as reported for cheetahs—may reflect an evolutionary bottleneck and can increase vulnerability to extinction.
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KembaraXtra-Psychology - average linkage between groups method
In cluster analysis, the average linkage between groups method defines the distance between two clusters as the average of all pairwise distances formed by taking one case from each cluster. It is also called UPGMA (unweighted pair-group method using arithmetic averages) and differs from single-linkage and complete-linkage approaches by using all pair distances rather than only the nearest or farthest.
In cluster analysis, the average linkage between groups method defines the distance between two clusters as the average of all pairwise distances formed by taking one case from each cluster. It is also called UPGMA (unweighted pair-group method using arithmetic averages) and differs from single-linkage and complete-linkage approaches by using all pair distances rather than only the nearest or farthest.
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KembaraXtra-Psychology - average linkage within groups method
In cluster analysis, the average linkage within groups method merges clusters so that the resulting cluster minimizes the average distance between all cases inside it, and it can also define distance between two clusters as the average distance between all pairs that would exist if they were combined.
In cluster analysis, the average linkage within groups method merges clusters so that the resulting cluster minimizes the average distance between all cases inside it, and it can also define distance between two clusters as the average distance between all pairs that would exist if they were combined.
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KembaraXtra-Psychology - aversion therapy
Aversion therapy is a behaviour-therapy technique aimed at reducing unwanted habits (such as smoking) by repeatedly pairing the behaviour or its cues with unpleasant stimuli (like electric shock) or unpleasant physiological reactions (like nausea induced by drugs such as Antabuse), so that the behaviour becomes associated with discomfort and is avoided.
Aversion therapy is a behaviour-therapy technique aimed at reducing unwanted habits (such as smoking) by repeatedly pairing the behaviour or its cues with unpleasant stimuli (like electric shock) or unpleasant physiological reactions (like nausea induced by drugs such as Antabuse), so that the behaviour becomes associated with discomfort and is avoided.
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KembaraXtra-Psychology - aversive
Aversive describes anything unpleasant that tends to repel, discourage, or deter behaviour.
Aversive describes anything unpleasant that tends to repel, discourage, or deter behaviour.
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KembaraXtra-Psychology - avoidance–avoidance conflict
Avoidance–avoidance conflict occurs when a person faces two or more roughly equal threats and must choose among them. Lewin’s conflict framework (identified in 1931 though not named by him then) treats this conflict as often stable and hard to resolve, because moving toward one threat increases motivation to withdraw toward the other; anxiety is minimized at a point maximally distant from both. It is linked with double binds and contrasts with approach–approach and approach–avoidance conflicts.
Avoidance–avoidance conflict occurs when a person faces two or more roughly equal threats and must choose among them. Lewin’s conflict framework (identified in 1931 though not named by him then) treats this conflict as often stable and hard to resolve, because moving toward one threat increases motivation to withdraw toward the other; anxiety is minimized at a point maximally distant from both. It is linked with double binds and contrasts with approach–approach and approach–avoidance conflicts.
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KembaraXtra-Psychology - avoidance conditioning
In operant conditioning, avoidance conditioning (avoidance learning) is negative reinforcement in which an organism prevents an aversive event by making a response. A standard example is a rat in an alley where a signal (like a light) precedes floor shock; running to a safe goal box during the signal-shock interval prevents shock. In active avoidance the organism must perform an action to avoid the aversive event, while in passive avoidance it must refrain from responding. It relates to Kamin effects, Sidman avoidance, and two-way avoidance, and is compared with escape conditioning.
In operant conditioning, avoidance conditioning (avoidance learning) is negative reinforcement in which an organism prevents an aversive event by making a response. A standard example is a rat in an alley where a signal (like a light) precedes floor shock; running to a safe goal box during the signal-shock interval prevents shock. In active avoidance the organism must perform an action to avoid the aversive event, while in passive avoidance it must refrain from responding. It relates to Kamin effects, Sidman avoidance, and two-way avoidance, and is compared with escape conditioning.
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KembaraXtra-Psychology - avoidant personality disorder
Avoidant personality disorder is a DSM-5 personality disorder defined by pervasive social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, and hypersensitivity to criticism, disapproval, or rejection beginning by early adulthood. Signs include avoiding jobs requiring significant interpersonal contact, reluctance to interact unless sure of being liked, restraint in intimacy to avoid shame, preoccupation with criticism/rejection, inhibition in new situations due to inadequacy feelings, viewing oneself as inept or inferior, and avoiding activities that risk embarrassment. It is also called anxious personality disorder and is compared with schizoid personality disorder.
Avoidant personality disorder is a DSM-5 personality disorder defined by pervasive social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, and hypersensitivity to criticism, disapproval, or rejection beginning by early adulthood. Signs include avoiding jobs requiring significant interpersonal contact, reluctance to interact unless sure of being liked, restraint in intimacy to avoid shame, preoccupation with criticism/rejection, inhibition in new situations due to inadequacy feelings, viewing oneself as inept or inferior, and avoiding activities that risk embarrassment. It is also called anxious personality disorder and is compared with schizoid personality disorder.
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KembaraXtra-Psychology - avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder
Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder is a DSM-5 eating disorder marked by apparent lack of interest in food or eating that leads to significant weight loss, nutritional deficiency, reliance on supplements, and major psychosocial impairment. It is diagnosed only when symptoms are not better explained by anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, another mental disorder, or a medical condition, and when there is no evidence of body-shape or weight disturbance.
Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder is a DSM-5 eating disorder marked by apparent lack of interest in food or eating that leads to significant weight loss, nutritional deficiency, reliance on supplements, and major psychosocial impairment. It is diagnosed only when symptoms are not better explained by anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, another mental disorder, or a medical condition, and when there is no evidence of body-shape or weight disturbance.
