- Published on
KembaraXtra-Psychology - artificial intelligence
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to designing machines or computer programs—real or hypothetical—to perform tasks normally associated with minds, including activities like playing chess, logical reasoning, creative output (such as poetry or music), or complex analysis (such as chemical analysis). The hardest challenges occur when attempting to model intelligent functions that people typically perform without awareness, especially in domains like vision and language. The term was introduced in 1956 by the US computer engineer John McCarthy (1927–2011). It is also called machine intelligence, and discussions often distinguish strong AI from weak AI, with many related topics including knowledge representation, expert systems, computer vision, neural networks, non-monotonic reasoning, and the Turing test.
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to designing machines or computer programs—real or hypothetical—to perform tasks normally associated with minds, including activities like playing chess, logical reasoning, creative output (such as poetry or music), or complex analysis (such as chemical analysis). The hardest challenges occur when attempting to model intelligent functions that people typically perform without awareness, especially in domains like vision and language. The term was introduced in 1956 by the US computer engineer John McCarthy (1927–2011). It is also called machine intelligence, and discussions often distinguish strong AI from weak AI, with many related topics including knowledge representation, expert systems, computer vision, neural networks, non-monotonic reasoning, and the Turing test.
- Published on
KembaraXtra-Psychology - artificial language
An artificial language is a language intentionally invented or constructed, often for practical purposes such as communication in computing and information technology. It contrasts with natural language, which evolves through everyday human use.
An artificial language is a language intentionally invented or constructed, often for practical purposes such as communication in computing and information technology. It contrasts with natural language, which evolves through everyday human use.
- Published on
KembaraXtra-Psychology - artificial neural network
Artificial neural network (ANN) is another name for a neural network, meaning a computational system inspired by networks of neurons; it may also be called an artificial neural net.
Artificial neural network (ANN) is another name for a neural network, meaning a computational system inspired by networks of neurons; it may also be called an artificial neural net.
- Published on
KembaraXtra-Psychology - artificial pupil
Artificial pupil is another name for a reduction screen, a device used to control the effective pupil size for visual or perceptual testing.
Artificial pupil is another name for a reduction screen, a device used to control the effective pupil size for visual or perceptual testing.
- Published on
KembaraXtra-Psychology - artificial scotoma
An artificial scotoma is a blind-spot-like area created experimentally using a display of randomly twinkling spots on a grey background (like television “snow” on an untuned channel) while a small uniform grey square is placed slightly away from the viewer’s fixation point; after about five seconds on average, the square seems to disappear and the area is perceptually “filled in” by the twinkling background. If the background is colored and the square is grey, the color tends to fill in first and the motion-like twinkling fills in afterward. If the whole display is then replaced by uniform non-twinkling grey, a small twinkling square is often seen briefly (about two to three seconds) where the original square had been. These observations show that filling-in is not just failure to notice missing information, but involves active neural representation. The effect was analysed in detail by Vilayanur S. Ramachandran (born 1951) and Richard L. Gregory (1923–2010) and reported in Nature (1991), and it relates to phenomena such as filling-in illusions, modal completion, motion-induced blindness, and the Troxler effect.
An artificial scotoma is a blind-spot-like area created experimentally using a display of randomly twinkling spots on a grey background (like television “snow” on an untuned channel) while a small uniform grey square is placed slightly away from the viewer’s fixation point; after about five seconds on average, the square seems to disappear and the area is perceptually “filled in” by the twinkling background. If the background is colored and the square is grey, the color tends to fill in first and the motion-like twinkling fills in afterward. If the whole display is then replaced by uniform non-twinkling grey, a small twinkling square is often seen briefly (about two to three seconds) where the original square had been. These observations show that filling-in is not just failure to notice missing information, but involves active neural representation. The effect was analysed in detail by Vilayanur S. Ramachandran (born 1951) and Richard L. Gregory (1923–2010) and reported in Nature (1991), and it relates to phenomena such as filling-in illusions, modal completion, motion-induced blindness, and the Troxler effect.
- Published on
KembaraXtra-Psychology - art therapy
Art therapy is a form of psychotherapy in which clients are encouraged to express emotions, experiences, and internal conflicts through making art, using creative activity as a medium for communication and psychological exploration.
Art therapy is a form of psychotherapy in which clients are encouraged to express emotions, experiences, and internal conflicts through making art, using creative activity as a medium for communication and psychological exploration.
- Published on
KembaraXtra-Psychology - ascending reticular activating system
The ascending reticular activating system (ARAS), also called the reticular activating system (RAS), refers to the upward-projecting fibres of the brainstem reticular formation defined mainly by their function: regulating physiological arousal and cortical activation. It is essential for wakefulness, sustained attention, and concentration, and is often contrasted with the descending reticular formation; related concepts include cerveau isolé.
The ascending reticular activating system (ARAS), also called the reticular activating system (RAS), refers to the upward-projecting fibres of the brainstem reticular formation defined mainly by their function: regulating physiological arousal and cortical activation. It is essential for wakefulness, sustained attention, and concentration, and is often contrasted with the descending reticular formation; related concepts include cerveau isolé.
- Published on
KembaraXtra-Psychology - Asch experiment
The Asch experiment is a landmark conformity study introduced in 1951 by Solomon E. Asch (1907–96). Participants believed they were in a visual discrimination task: across 18 trials they judged which of three lines matched a comparison line, a task so easy that error rates are near zero when people respond alone. In the experimental setup, however, only one person was the true participant; the others were accomplices trained to give unanimous wrong answers on 12 “critical” trials. Under this pressure, about 37% of responses on critical trials conformed to the incorrect majority. Resisting the group was often stressful, and conformity rose as the unanimous majority increased—up to about three against one—after which larger majorities produced little additional increase.
The Asch experiment is a landmark conformity study introduced in 1951 by Solomon E. Asch (1907–96). Participants believed they were in a visual discrimination task: across 18 trials they judged which of three lines matched a comparison line, a task so easy that error rates are near zero when people respond alone. In the experimental setup, however, only one person was the true participant; the others were accomplices trained to give unanimous wrong answers on 12 “critical” trials. Under this pressure, about 37% of responses on critical trials conformed to the incorrect majority. Resisting the group was often stressful, and conformity rose as the unanimous majority increased—up to about three against one—after which larger majorities produced little additional increase.
- Published on
KembaraXtra-Psychology - ascorbic acid
Ascorbic acid is another name for vitamin C.
Ascorbic acid is another name for vitamin C.
- Published on
KembaraXtra-Psychology - asemia
Asemia is an impaired ability to encode, interpret, or understand signs, including gestures and the spoken or written symbols used in human languages. It is also called asemasia or asymbolia, and the term comes from Greek roots meaning “without” and “sign.”
Asemia is an impaired ability to encode, interpret, or understand signs, including gestures and the spoken or written symbols used in human languages. It is also called asemasia or asymbolia, and the term comes from Greek roots meaning “without” and “sign.”
