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KembaraXtra-Psychology – Bottom-Up Processing
Bottom-up processing refers to perception driven primarily by sensory input rather than prior knowledge or expectations. Information flows from lower-level sensory receptors upward to higher-level cognitive processing centers. This process allows novel stimuli to be interpreted based on raw data before contextual interpretation occurs.
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KembaraXtra-Psychology – Bounded Rationality
Bounded rationality is the concept that decision-making is limited by cognitive constraints such as incomplete information, limited time, and restricted computational capacity. Rather than optimizing decisions, individuals often satisfice—selecting an option that is good enough. This concept challenges classical models of perfect rationality.
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KembaraXtra-Psychology – Brain Lateralization
Brain lateralization refers to the specialization of certain cognitive functions within one hemisphere of the brain. For example, language processing is typically dominant in the left hemisphere, while spatial processing often relies more heavily on the right. Lateralization enhances efficiency by reducing redundancy in neural processing.
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KembaraXtra-Psychology – Brainstem
The brainstem is the lower portion of the brain connecting the cerebrum with the spinal cord and consists of the midbrain, pons, and medulla. It regulates vital functions including respiration, heart rate, and arousal. Damage to the brainstem can be life-threatening due to its control over basic survival processes.
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KembaraXtra-Psychology – Breadth of Attention
Breadth of attention refers to the amount of information an individual can process or monitor simultaneously. It is influenced by task complexity, expertise, and cognitive load. Limited attentional capacity means individuals must selectively allocate resources to relevant stimuli.
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KembaraXtra-Psychology – Brightness Constancy
Brightness constancy is the perceptual tendency to perceive an object’s brightness as relatively stable despite changes in illumination. The visual system compensates for variations in lighting conditions by comparing objects with surrounding surfaces. This constancy demonstrates perceptual stability in changing environments.
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KembaraXtra-Psychology – Broca’s Area
Broca’s area is a region in the left frontal lobe associated with speech production and language processing. Damage to this area results in Broca’s aphasia, characterized by impaired speech production with relatively preserved comprehension. Its discovery provided early evidence of localization of function in the brain.
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KembaraXtra-Psychology – Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems Theory
Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems theory proposes that human development occurs within a set of nested environmental systems that interact dynamically over time. These systems range from the microsystem, which includes immediate contexts such as family and school, to the mesosystem, which represents interactions between these immediate settings. Beyond this lies the exosystem, involving indirect environmental influences such as parental workplace conditions, and the macrosystem, encompassing broader cultural values, laws, and societal norms. Finally, the chronosystem incorporates the dimension of time, reflecting life transitions and historical events. This theory emphasizes that development cannot be understood in isolation from the complex environmental contexts that shape it
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KembaraXtra-Psychology – Body Language
Body language includes nonverbal behaviors such as posture, gestures, facial expressions, and eye movements that convey emotional states and interpersonal attitudes. Often operating unconsciously, body language complements or contradicts spoken communication and plays a critical role in social interaction and impression formation.
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KembaraXtra-Psychology – Body Schema
Body schema is the dynamic internal representation of the position and movement of one’s body parts in space. It integrates proprioceptive, tactile, and visual information to guide coordinated action. Disturbances in body schema may occur following neurological injury and can lead to impaired motor control or altered self-perception.
