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Islamic Derivatives – Options Contracts 


Basic Concept of Options
  • An option contract gives the buyer:
    • Right (not obligation) to buy or sell an asset
    • At a fixed price
    • On or before a future date
  • Buyer must pay a premium:
    • Fee paid to seller for this right
    • Loss is limited to this premium amount


Types of Options
1. Call Option (Right to Buy)
  • Gives buyer the right to purchase an asset
  • Price is fixed in advance
  • Used when expecting price increase
Outcome:
  • If price rises → buyer profits
  • If price falls → buyer lets option expire (loss = premium only)


2. Put Option (Right to Sell)
  • Gives buyer the right to sell an asset
  • Price is fixed in advance
  • Used when expecting price decrease
Outcome:
  • If price falls → buyer sells at higher fixed price → profit
  • If price rises → buyer lets option expire (loss = premium only)


Example – Call Option (A)
  • A expects stock price to increase
  • Choices:
    • Buy stock fully, or
    • Pay premium for call option
  • If price rises:
    • A benefits
  • If price falls:
    • A does not exercise option
    • Loss = premium only


Example – Put Option (B)
  • B expects stock price to decrease
  • Choices:
    • Sell stock now, or
    • Buy put option
  • If price falls:
    • B sells at fixed higher price → profit
  • If price rises:
    • B lets option expire
    • Loss = premium only


Key Takeaways
  • Options = right without obligation
  • Premium = cost of flexibility
  • Helps manage risk and speculation
  • Widely used in financial markets, but raises Shari’ah concerns (ownership, uncertainty, speculation)




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