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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Tumour markers, T
a-Fetoprotein: hepatoma, germ-cell tumour, pregnancy, hepatitis, cirrhosis,
open neural tube defects
CA 125: ovarian cancer, other malignancies (breast, endometrial, lung,
pancreas). Benign conditions (endometriosis, fibroids, pelvic inflammatory
disease, peritonitis, cirrhosis)
CA 15-3: breast cancer, benign breast disease
CA 19-9: pancreatic cancer, colorectal cancer, cholestasis
CEA: colorectal cancer, medullary thyroid carcinoma, cirrhosis, pancreatitis,
smoking
HCG: pregnancy, germ cell tumours, hydatidiform mole, choriocarcinoma PLAP: seminoma, smoking, pregnancy, ovarian carcinoma
PSA: prostate cancer, benign prostatic hyperplasia, prostatitis, digital rectal
examination, (PSA also Twith age and size of the gland)


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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Ulcers: mouth, genital, leg
Mouth
Trauma, aphthous ulcers
Gastrointestinal diseases: Crohn's disease, coeliac disease
Infection: herpes simplex, acute ulcerative stomatitis (Vincent's angina),
candidiasis TB, syphilis (rare)
Exclude: leukaemia, agranulocytosis
Inflammatory: Behc;et's disease, reactive arthritis, SLE
Skin diseases: pemphigus, pemphigoid, erythema multiforme, lichen planus Malignancy: squamous cell carcinoma
Other: Strachan's syndrome

Genital
Infection: Painful: herpes simplex, Haemophilus ducreyi (chancroid) Painless: Syphilis (Treponema pallidum), Lymphogranuloma venereum (Chlamydia trachomatis), Granuloma inguinale (Calymmatobacterium granulomatis)
Behc;et's disease
Crohn's disease
Reiter's syndrome
Erythroplasia of Queyrat, squamous cell carcinoma Trauma
Other genital rashes: fixed drug eruption, eczema, psoriasis, scabies

Orogenital
Infection: herpes simplex, syphilis
Inflammatory diseases: Behc;et's disease, Reiter's syndrome Skin diseases: pemphigus, erythema multiforme
GI: Crohn's disease
Other: Strachan's diseases

Leg
Venous: superficial venous insufficiency, DVT
Arterial: atherosclerosis
Diabetic: ischaemic and neuropathic
Vasculitis: rheumatoid arthritis, primary vasculities, e.g. polyarteritis nodosa Sickle cell anaemia
Pressure
Pyoderma gangrenosum
Malignancy


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Symptoms and Signs -Differential Diagnosis of Telangiectasia
Normal variant
Connective tissue diseases: scleroderma, SLE, dermatomyositis Genetic: hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia, ataxia telangiectasia Chronic liver disease (esp. alcoholic cirrhosis}
Pregnancy
Topical steroids (long-term}
Rosacea
Radiation dermatitis



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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Thyroid-binding globulin (TBG)
Raised Level
Genetic
Pregnancy
Drugs (oestrogen, opiates, phenothiazines}
Acute viral hepatitis, acute intermittent porphyria

Reduced Level
Genetic
Malnutrition
Chronic liver disease
Nephrotic syndrome
Drugs (e.g. androgens, corticosteroids}
Acromegaly



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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Tinnitus
Local
Presbycusis
Meniere's disease
Noise-induced
Ototoxic drugs, e.g. aminoglycosides, loop diuretics
Otosclerosis
Aneurysm s/AV malformations
Tumours: acoustic neuroma, glomus jugulare tumour, carotid body tumour Temporomandibular joint problems
Insects, e.g. maggots

General
Fever
CVS: hypertension, heart failure Haematological: j viscosity, anaemia CNS: multiple sclerosis
Drugs: aspirin, alcohol, quinine


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Kembara Xtra 

Facts about medicine and its subtopic such as anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, pharmacology, medicine, pediatrics, psychiatry, obstetrics and gynecology and surgery.