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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Symmetric Polyneuropathy
ACQUIRED NEUROPATHIES
• Toxic: drugs, industrial toxins, heavy metals, abused substances
• Metabolic/endocrine: diabetes, chronic renal failure, hypothyroidism, polyneuropathy of critical illness
• Nutritional deficiency: vitamin B12 deficiency, alcoholism, vitamin E deficiency
• Paraneoplastic: carcinoma, lymphoma
• Plasma cell dyscrasia: myeloma, typical, atypical, and solitary forms; primary systemic amyloidosis
• Idiopathic chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathies
• Polyneuropathies associated with peripheral nerve autoantibodies
• AIDS
INHERITED NEUROPATHIES
• Neuropathies with biochemical markers: Refsum’s disease, Bassen- Kornzweig disease, Tangier disease, metachromatic leukodystrophy, Krabbe’s disease, adrenomyeloneuropathy,
Fabry’s disease
• Neuropathies without biochemical markers or systemic involvement: hereditary motor neuropathy, hereditary sensory neuropathy, hereditary sensorimotor neuropathy
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Polyuria
• Anxiety, cold weather
• Diabetes insipidus
• Diabetes mellitus (DM)
• Diuretic phase of renal failure
• Drugs: diuretics, caffeine, alcohol, lithium
• Hypercalcemia
• Hypokalemia
• Postobstructive uropathy
• Primary polydipsia (compulsive water drinking)
• Sickle cell trait or disease, chronic pyelonephritis (failure to concentrate urine)
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Mycoplasma Pneumonia 
• Streptococcus pneumoniae
• Several viral agents
• Q fever
• Pulmonary embolism/infarction
• Pleuritic pain
• Legionella spp.
• Coxiella burnetii
• Chlamydia psittaci
• Chlamydia pneumoniae
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Recurrent Pneumonia
• Pulmonary TB, chronic sinusitis
• Mechanical obstruction from neoplasm
• Kyphoscoliosis
• Immunosuppression (HIV infection, corticosteroids, leukemia, chemotherapy, splenectomy)
• Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), congestive heart failure (CHF), asthma, silicosis, pulmonary fibrosis, cystic fibrosis
• Chronic aspiration (tube feeding, alcoholism, cerebrovascular accident [CVA], neuromuscular disorders, seizure disorder, inability to cough)
• Bronchiectasis
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Viral Pneumonia
• Pulmonary emboli
• Other causes of atypical pneumonia: Mycoplasma, Chlamydia, Coxiella, legionnaires’ disease
• Bacterial pneumonia, which frequently complicates (i.e., can follow or be simultaneous with) viral (especially influenza) pneumonia
• Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
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Kembara Xtra 

Facts about medicine and its subtopic such as anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, pharmacology, medicine, pediatrics, psychiatry, obstetrics and gynecology and surgery.