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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of  Left Axis Deviation
• Endocardial cushion defects and other congenital heart disease
• Left anterior fascicular block (hemiblock)
• Left bundle branch block
• Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH)
• Mechanical shifts causing a horizontal heart, high diaphragm, pregnancy, ascites
• Normal variation
• Some forms of ventricular tachycardia
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of  Left Bundle Branch Block
• Ischemic heart disease
• Electrolyte abnormalities (e.g., hyperkalemia)
• Cardiomyopathy
• Idiopathic
• Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH)
• Pulmonary embolism
• Cardiac trauma
• Bacterial endocarditis
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Nocturnal Leg Cramps 
• Alcohol use
• Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
• Baker’s cyst
• Contractures
• Deep venous thrombosis (DVT)
• Diabetic neuropathy
• Electrolyte abnormalities (hypokalemia, hyponatremia, hypocalcemia, hyperkalemia, hypophosphatemia)
• Heat cramps
• Hemodialysis
• Hyperthyroidism
• Hypoglycemia
• Medications
• Peripheral nerve injury
• Peripheral vascular insufficiency
• Respiratory alkalosis
• Uremia
• Vitamin B12 deficiency
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Leg Length Discrepancies
CONGENITAL
• Proximal femoral local deficiency
• Coxa vara
• Hemiatrophy-hemihypertrophy (anisomelia)
• Development dysplasia of the hip
DEVELOPMENTAL
• Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease (LCPD)
NEUROMUSCULAR
• Polio
• Cerebral palsy (hemiplegia)
INFECTIOUS
• Pyogenic osteomyelitis with physeal damage
TRAUMA
• Physeal injury with premature closure
• Overgrowth
• Malunion (shortening)
TUMOR
• Physeal destruction
• Radiation-induced physeal injury
• Overgrowth
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Leg Pain with Exercise
• Adventitial cysts
• Arteriosclerosis obliterans
• Deep venous thrombosis (DVT)
• McArdle’s syndrome
• Neurogenic (spinal cord compression or ischemia)
• Popliteal artery entrapment syndrome
• Popliteal cyst
• Shin splints
• Thromboangiitis obliterans
• Venous claudication
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Leg Ulcers
VASCULAR
• Arterial: arteriosclerosis, thromboangiitis obliterans, arteriovenous
(AV) malformation, cholesterol emboli
• Venous: superficial varicosities, incompetent perforators, deep
venous thrombosis (DVT), lymphatic abnormalities
VASCULITIS/HEMATOLOGIC
• Sickle cell anemia, thalassemia, polycythemia vera, leukemia, cold agglutinin disease
• Macroglobulinemia, protein C and protein S deficiency, cryoglobulinemia, lupus anticoagulant, antiphospholipid syndrome
INFECTIOUS
• Fungus: blastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, histoplasmosis,
sporotrichosis
• Bacterial: furuncle, ecthyma, septic emboli
• Protozoal: leishmaniasis
METABOLIC
• Necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum
• Localized bullous pemphigoid
• Gout, calcinosis cutis, Gaucher’s disease
TUMORS
• Basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma
• Mycosis fungoides, Kaposi’s sarcoma, metastatic neoplasms
TRAUMA
• Burns, cold injury, radiation dermatitis
• Insect bites
• Factitial, excessive pressure
NEUROPATHIC
• Diabetic trophic ulcers
• Tabes dorsalis, syringomyelia
DRUGS
• Warfarin, IV colchicine extravasation, methotrexate, halogens,ergotism, hydroxyurea
PANNICULITIS
• Weber-Christian disease
• Pancreatic fat necrosis, α-antitrypsinase deficiency
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Leishmaniasis
• African trypanosomiasis
• Bacterial endocarditis
• Brucellosis
• Chronic myelocytic leukemia
• Enteric fever
• Generalized histoplasmosis
• Hepatic cirrhosis
• Hodgkin’s disease and other lymphomas
• Malaria
• Sarcoidosis
• Tuberculosis
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Kembara Xtra 

Facts about medicine and its subtopic such as anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, pharmacology, medicine, pediatrics, psychiatry, obstetrics and gynecology and surgery.