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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Hiccups
TRANSIENT HICCUPS
• Sudden excitement, emotion
• Gastric distention
• Esophageal obstruction
• Alcohol ingestion
• Sudden change in temperature
PERSISTENT OR CHRONIC HICCUPS
• Toxic/metabolic: uremia, DM, hyperventilation, hypocalcemia, hypokalemia, hyponatremia, gout, fever
• Drugs: benzodiazepines, steroids, methyldopa, barbiturates
• Surgery/general anesthesia
• Thoracic/diaphragmatic disorders: pneumonia, lung cancer, asthma, pleuritis, pericarditis, myocardial infarction (MI), aortic aneurysm, esophagitis, esophageal obstruction, diaphragmatic hernia or irritation
• Abdominal disorders: gastric ulcer or cancer, hepatobiliary or pancreatic disease, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), bowel obstruction, intra-abdominal or subphrenic abscess, prostatic infection or cancer
• CNS disorders: traumatic, infectious, vascular, structural
• Ear, nose, and throat disorders: pharyngitis, laryngitis, tumor, irritation of auditory canal
• Psychogenic disorders
• Idiopathic disorders
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Hidradenitis Suppurativa
• Actinomycosis
• Bartholin’s cyst infection
• Cat-scratch disease
• Crohn’s disease (perianal and vulvar manifestations)
• Erysipelas
• Folliculitis and other follicular pyodermas, furuncles, pilonidal cysts
• Furuncle
• Granuloma inguinale
• Lymphangitis
• Lymphogranuloma venereum
• Tularemia
• Ulcerative colitis
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Hip Pain in Children 
• Hemophilia
• Hip or pelvis fractures
• Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA)
• Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease
• Leukemia
• Metastatic disease
• Osteogenic or Ewing’s sarcoma
• Osteomyelitis
• Overuse injuries
• Rheumatic fever
• Septic arthritis
• Sickle cell anemia
• Slipped capital femoral epiphysis
• Transient synovitis
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Hip Pain, in Different Age Groups
Common causes of hip pain in different age groups:
CHILDHOOD (2–10 YEARS)
Intra-articular
• Developmental dislocation of the hip
• Perthes’ disease
• Irritable hip
• Rickets
Periarticular
• Osteomyelitis
Referred
• Abdominal
ADOLESCENCE (10–18 YEARS)
Intra-articular
• Slipped upper femoral epiphysis
• Torn labrum
Periarticular
• Trochanteric bursitis
• Snapping hip
• Osteomyelitis
• Tumors
Referred
• Abdominal
• Lumbar spine
EARLY ADULTHOOD (18–30 YEARS)
Intra-articular
• Inflammatory arthritis
• Torn labrum
Periarticular
• Bursitis
Referred
• Abdominal
• Lumbar spine
ADULTHOOD (30–50 YEARS)
Intra-articular
• Osteoarthritis
• Inflammatory arthritis
• Osteonecrosis
• Transient osteoporosis
Periarticular
• Bursitis
Referred
• Abdominal
• Lumbar spine
OLD AGE (50 YEARS)
Intra-articular
• Osteoarthritis
• Inflammatory arthritis
Referred
• Abdominal
• Lumbar spine
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Hirsutism
• Acromegaly
• Adrenal virilizing tumor
• Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
• Cushing’s syndrome
• Drugs: androgens, anabolic steroids, methyltestosterone, minoxidil, diazoxide, phenytoin, glucocorticoids, cyclosporine
• Hypothyroidism (congenital and juvenile)
• Idiopathic: familial, possibly increased sensitivity to androgens
• Menopause
• Ovarian virilizing tumor: arrhenoblastoma, hilar cell tumor
• Pituitary adenoma
• Polycystic ovary syndrome
• Testicular feminization
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​Symptoms and Signs - Differential Diagnosis of Histoplasmosis
• Acute pulmonary histoplasmosis: Mycobacterium tuberculosis; community-acquired pneumonias caused by Mycoplasma and Chlamydia; other fungal diseases, such as Blastomyces dermatitidis and Coccidioides immitis
• Chronic cavitary pulmonary histoplasmosis: M. tuberculosis
• Histoplasmomas: true neoplasms
• Intracellular parasites of Leishmania and Toxoplasma species: distinguishable by inability to take up methenamine silver
• Yeast forms of histoplasmosis on tissue section: cysts of Pneumocystis jiroveci, which tend to be larger, are extracellular, and do not display budding
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Histrionic Personality
• Antisocial personality disorder
• Borderline personality disorder
• Dependent personality disorder
• Narcissistic personality disorder
• Personality change secondary to general medical condition
• Symptoms may develop in association with chronic substance abuse.
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of HIV Infection, Anorectal Lesions
• Abscess and fistula
• Anal fissure
• Chancroid
• Chlamydia
• Condylomata acuminata
• Gonorrhea
• Hemorrhoids
• Herpes
• Infectious: TB, cytomegalovirus (CMV), actinomycosis, cryptococcosis
• Neoplastic: lymphoma, Kaposi’s sarcoma, squamous cell carcinoma
• Other: idiopathic and ulcer HIV Infection, Chest Radiographic
• Pilonidal disease
• Pruritus ani
• Syphilis
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of HIV Infection, Chest Radiographic Abnormalities
DIFFUSE INTERSTITIAL INFILTRATION
• Pneumocystis jiroveci
• Cytomegalovirus
• Mycobacterium tuberculosis
• Mycobacterium avium complex
• Histoplasmosis
• Coccidioidomycosis
• Lymphoid interstitial pneumonitis
FOCAL CONSOLIDATION
• Bacterial pneumonia
• Mycoplasma pneumoniae
• P. jiroveci
• M. tuberculosis
• M. avium complex
NODULAR LESIONS
• Kaposi’s sarcoma
• M. tuberculosis
• M. avium complex
• Fungal lesions
• Toxoplasmosis
CAVITARY LESIONS
• P. jiroveci
• M. tuberculosis
• Bacterial infection
PLEURAL EFFUSION
• Kaposi’s sarcoma
• Small effusion may be associated with any infection.
ADENOPATHY
• Kaposi’s sarcoma
• Lymphoma
• M. tuberculosis
• Cryptococcus
PNEUMOTHORAX
• Kaposi’s sarcoma
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of  Hepatitis B
• Autoimmune hepatitis
• Brucellosis
• Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection
• Drug-induced liver disease
• Herpes simplex virus infection
• Infectious mononucleosis
• Ischemic hepatitis
• Leptospirosis
• Other hepatitis virus (A, C, D, E)
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Kembara Xtra 

Facts about medicine and its subtopic such as anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, pharmacology, medicine, pediatrics, psychiatry, obstetrics and gynecology and surgery.