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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Reye’s Syndrome
• Hepatic encephalopathy of any cause
• Inborn errors of metabolism: carnitine deficiency, ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency
• Jamaican vomiting sickness
• Salicylate or amiodarone intoxication
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Rhabdomyolysis, Causes
• Alcoholism
• Compartment syndrome
• Drug induced (statins; combination of statins with fibrates or erythromycin; simvastatin and amiodarone; amphetamines, haloperidol)
• Electrical injury
• Exertion (exercise induced)
• Extensive surgical (spinal) dissection, bariatric surgery
• Hypothyroidism
• Hypovolemia and urinary acidification are important precipitating causes in the development of acute renal failure.
• Infectious and inflammatory myositis
• Limb ischemia
• Malignant hyperthermia
• Metabolic myopathies
• Multiple trauma
• Prolonged static positioning during surgery
• Reperfusion after revascularization procedures for ischemia
• Seizures
• Sickle cell trait is a predisposing condition.
• Tourniquet ischemia
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Rheumatic Fever
• Bacterial endocarditis
• Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (Still’s disease)
• Rheumatoid arthritis
• Serum sickness
• Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
• Viral infections
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Rhinitis
• Allergic rhinitis
• Chemical- or irritant-induced rhinitis
• CSF rhinorrhea
• Deviated septum
• Emotional rhinitis
• Enlarged adenoids
• Exercise-induced rhinitis
• Foreign bodies
• GERD
• Hormone-mediated rhinitis (menses, pregnancy, oral contraceptives, hypothyroidism)
• Infectious rhinitis
• Midline granuloma
• Nasal polyps/tumors
• Rhinitis medicamentosa
• Rhinitis mimics:
• Sarcoidosis
• Sjögren’s syndrome
• SLE
• Vasomotor rhinitis
• Wegener’s granulomatosis
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Rash, Febrile Child
• Bacteremia
• Dermatomyositis
• Drug exanthem, including serum sickness
• Erysipelas
• Henoch-Schönlein purpura
• Kawasaki’s syndrome
• Lupus erythematosus
• Lyme disease
• Rocky Mountain spotted fever
• Scarlet fever
• Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome
• Still’s disease
• Urticaria
• Viral exanthem
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Rash, Pruritic, Child
• Atopic dermatitis
• Contact dermatitis
• Dermatosis pilaris
• Diaper dermatitis
• Eczema, especially xerotic
• Histiocytosis
• Impetigo
• Insect bite
• Pediculosis, especially capitis
• Pityriasis rosea
• Scabies
• Seborrheic dermatitis
• Tinea corporis and tinea capitis
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Raynaud’s Phenomenon
• Acrocyanosis
• Atherosclerosis, thromboembolic disease
• Buerger’s disease, embolic disease
• Frostbite or cold weather injury
• Injury from repetitive motion
• Livedo reticularis
• Medication reaction (ergotamine, chemotherapeutic agents)
• Neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome or carpal tunnel syndrome
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Palpable Rectal Mass
• Amebic granuloma
• Diverticular phlegmon (prolapsing into the pouch of Douglas)
• Endometriosis
• Feces (indent)
• Foreign body
• Hypertrophied anal papilla
• Mesorectal lymph nodes
• Metastatic deposits at the pelvic reflection (Blumer’s shelf)
• Presacral cyst
• Primary pelvic malignant neoplasm (uterine, ovarian, prostatic, or cervical)
• Rectal carcinoma
• Rectal polyp
• Sigmoid colon carcinoma (prolapsing into the pouch of Douglas)
• Solitary rectal ulcer syndrome
• Vaginal tampon and even the pubic bone may be mistaken for a rectal mass
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Kembara Xtra 

Facts about medicine and its subtopic such as anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, pharmacology, medicine, pediatrics, psychiatry, obstetrics and gynecology and surgery.