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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Renal Failure, Prerenal Causes
DECREASED CARDIAC OUTPUT
• Congestive heart failure (CHF)
• Arrhythmias
• Pericardial constriction or tamponade
• Pulmonary embolism
HYPOVOLEMIA
• GI tract loss (vomiting, diarrhea, nasogastric suction)
• Blood losses (trauma, GI tract surgery)
• Renal losses (diuretics, mineralocorticoid deficiency, postobstructive diuresis)
• Skin losses (burns)
VOLUME REDISTRIBUTION
• Decrease in effective blood volume
• Hypoalbuminemic states (cirrhosis, nephrosis)
• Sequestration of fluid in “third” space (ischemic bowel, peritonitis, pancreatitis)
• Peripheral vasodilation (sepsis, vasodilators, anaphylaxis)
ALTERED RENAL VASCULAR RESISTANCE
• Increase in afferent vascular resistance (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs [NSAIDs], liver disease, sepsis, hypercalcemia, cyclosporine)
• Decrease in efferent arteriolar tone (angiotensin-converting enzyme [ACE] inhibitors)
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Renal Vein Thrombosis, Causes
• Aortic aneurysm causing compression
• Estrogen therapy
• Lymphadenopathy
• Nephrotic syndrome
• Pregnancy
• Renal cell carcinoma
• Renal cell carcinoma with vein invasion
• Retroperitoneal fibrosis
• Severe dehydration
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Respiratory Failure, Hypoventilatory
ABNORMAL RESPIRATORY CAPACITY, NORMAL
RESPIRATORY WORKLOADS
• Acute depression of CNS: various causes
• Chronic central hypoventilation syndromes: obesityhypoventilation syndrome, sleep apnea syndrome, hypothyroidism, Shy-Drager syndrome (multisystem atrophy syndrome)
• Acute toxic paralysis syndromes: botulism, tetanus, toxic ingestion or bites, organophosphate poisoning
• Neuromuscular disorders (acute and chronic): myasthenia gravis, Guillain-Barré syndrome, drugs, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), muscular dystrophies, polymyositis, spinal cord injury, traumatic phrenic nerve paralysis
ABNORMAL PULMONARY WORKLOADS
• Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): chronic bronchitis, asthmatic bronchitis, emphysema
• Asthma and acute bronchial hyperreactivity syndromes
• Upper airway obstruction
• Interstitial lung diseases
ABNORMAL EXTRAPULMONARY WORKLOADS
• Chronic thoracic cage disorders: severe kyphoscoliosis, after thoracoplasty, after thoracic cage injury
• Acute thoracic cage trauma and burns
• Pneumothorax
• Pleural fibrosis and effusions
• Abdominal processes
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Restless Legs Syndrome
• Anxiety and mood disorders
• Chronic fatigue
• Chronic renal failure
• Dyskinesias while awake
• Hemolytic anemia (sickle cell crisis, thalassemia major, autoimmune hemolysis)
• Hemorrhage
• Neuroleptic-induced akathisia
• Nocturnal leg cramps with or without peripheral artery disease Reticulocytosis
• Other sleep disorders
• Periodic limb movement disorder (PLMD), repetitive limb movements (lower extremities or upper extremities) occurring during sleep; associated with arousals from sleep and daytime sleeping; patient is typically unaware, but bed partner reports restlessness or kicking during sleep
• Peripheral neuropathy and radiculopathy
• Post anemia therapy (folic acid, ferrous sulfate, vitamin B12)
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Retinoblastoma
• Cataract
• Coats’ disease (pathologic telangiectatic retinal vessels that leak and lead to accumulation of subretinal fluid and lipid)
• Endophthalmitis
• Glaucoma
• Infectious
• Other tumors
• Retinal detachment
• Strabismus
• Uveitis
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Kembara Xtra 

Facts about medicine and its subtopic such as anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, pharmacology, medicine, pediatrics, psychiatry, obstetrics and gynecology and surgery.