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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Pyelonephritis
• Acute glomerulonephritis
• Appendicitis
• Endometritis
• Hydronephrosis
• Nephrolithiasis
• Other causes of acute abdomen
• Ovarian cyst torsion or rupture
• Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
• Perinephric abscess
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of QT Interval Prolongation• Drugs
Class I antiarrhythmics (e.g., disopyramide, procainamide,
quinidine)
Class III antiarrhythmics
Tricyclic antidepressants
Phenothiazines
Astemizole
Terfenadine
Adenosine
Antibiotics (e.g., erythromycin and other macrolides)
Antifungal agents
Pentamidine, chloroquine
• Ischemic heart disease
• Cerebrovascular disease
• Rheumatic fever
• Myocarditis
• Mitral valve prolapse
• Electrolyte abnormalities
• Hypocalcemia
• Hypothyroidism
• Liquid protein diets
• Organophosphate insecticides
• Congenital prolonged QT syndrome
Rabies
• Delirium tremens
• Tetanus
• Hysteria
• Psychiatric disorders
• Other viral encephalitides
• Guillain-Barré syndrome
• Poliomyelitis
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Pulmonary Embolism
• Anxiety disorder with hyperventilation
• Asthma
• Chest wall pain
• Congestive heart failure (CHF)
• Dissection of aorta
• GI abnormalities (e.g., peptic ulcer, esophageal rupture, gastritis)
• Myocardial infarction
• Pericardial tamponade
• Pericarditis
• Pleuritis
• Pneumonia
• Pneumothorax
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Primary Pulmonary Hypertension
SECONDARY PULMONARY HYPERTENSION CAUSED BY UNDERLYING PULMONARY AND CARDIAC CONDITIONS, INCLUDING
• Pulmonary thromboembolic disease
• Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
• Interstitial lung disease
• Obstructive sleep disorder
• Neuromuscular diseases causing hypoventilation (e.g., amyotrophic lateral sclerosis [ALS])
• Collagen-vascular disease (e.g., systemic lupus erythematosus [SLE], calcinosis, Raynaud’s phenomenon, sclerodactyly, telangiectasia, CREST, systemic sclerosis)
• Pulmonary venous disease
• Left ventricular failure resulting from hypertension, coronary artery disease (CAD), aortic stenosis, and cardiomyopathy
• Valvular heart disease (e.g., mitral stenosis, mitral regurgitation)
• Congenital heart disease with left-to-right shunting (e.g., atrial septal defect [ASD])

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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Pulmonary Lesions
• Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) associated with pneumonia
• Aspiration pneumonia
• Fungal disease (aspergillosis, histoplasmosis)
• Hypersensitivity pneumonitis
• Legionella pneumonia
• Metastatic cancer
• Multiple pulmonary emboli
• Mycoplasma pneumonia
• Pneumocystis jiroveci
• Psittacosis
• Rheumatoid nodules
• Sarcoidosis
• Septic emboli
• TB
• Viral pneumonia
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​Symptoms and Signs - Differential Diagnosis of Solitary Pulmonary Nodule 
• Arteriovenous (AV) malformation
• Bronchial adenoma
• Bronchogenic carcinoma
• Bronchogenic cyst
• Granuloma from coccidioidomycosis
• Granuloma from histoplasmosis
• Hamartoma
• Metastatic carcinoma
• Other: fibroma, intrapulmonary lymph node, sclerosing hemangioma, bronchopulmonary sequestration
• TB granuloma
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Proteinuria
• Amyloidosis, sarcoidosis
• Benign proteinuria: fever, heat, or cold exposure
• Congestive heart failure (CHF)
• Constrictive pericarditis
• Diabetes mellitus (DM)
• Functional (after heavy exercise)
• Goodpasture’s syndrome
• Irradiation nephritis
• Malaria
• Malignant hypertension
• Malignant neoplasms: multiple myeloma, leukemias, Hodgkin’s disease
• Nephrotic syndrome as a result of primary renal diseases
• Orthostatic (postural) proteinuria
• Pregnancy
• Pyelonephritis
• Renal vein thrombosis
• Sickle cell disease
• Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
• Toxic nephropathies: heavy metals, drugs
• Tubular lesions: cystinosis
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Pruritus
• AIDS
• Carcinoma: breast, lung, gastric
• Cholestatic liver disease
• Chronic renal failure
• Drug-induced eruption, fiberglass exposure
• Dry skin
• Endocrine disorders: diabetes mellitus (DM), thyroid disease, carcinoid, pregnancy
• Iron deficiency
• Myeloproliferative disorders: mycosis fungoides, Hodgkin’s disease, multiple myeloma, polycythemia vera
• Neurosis
• Scabies
• Sjögren’s syndrome
• Skin diseases
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Kembara Xtra 

Facts about medicine and its subtopic such as anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, pharmacology, medicine, pediatrics, psychiatry, obstetrics and gynecology and surgery.