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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Pruritus Ani
FECAL IRRITATION
• Poor hygiene
• Anorectal conditions (fissure, fistula, hemorrhoids, skin tags,
perianal clefts)
• Spicy foods, citrus foods, caffeine, colchicine, quinidine
CONTACT DERMATITIS
• Anesthetic agents, topical corticosteroids, perfumed soap
DERMATOLOGIC DISORDERS
• Psoriasis, seborrhea, lichen simplex or sclerosus
SYSTEMIC DISORDERS
• Chronic renal failure, myxedema, diabetes mellitus (DM),
thyrotoxicosis, polycythemia vera, Hodgkin’s disease
SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES
• Syphilis, herpes simplex virus, human papillomavirus
OTHER INFECTIOUS AGENTS
• Pinworms
• Scabies
• Bacterial infection, viral infection
Pruritus Vulvae
• Vulvitis
• Vaginitis
• Lichen sclerosus
• Squamous cell hyperplasia
• Pinworms
• Vulvar cancer
• Syringoma of the vulva
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Pseudohermaphroditism, Female
• Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
• Disturbances in differentiation of urogenital structures, non– androgen related
• Fetal P450 aromatase deficiency
• Maternal use of testosterone or related steroids
• Maternal virilizing adrenal hyperplasia
• Virilizing luteoma of pregnancy
• Virilizing ovarian or adrenal tumor
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Male Pseudohermaphroditism 
• 5α-Reductase 2 deficiency
• Defects in testosterone metabolism by peripheral tissues
• End-organ resistance to androgenic hormones
• Maternal ingestion of progestogens
• Testicular regression syndrome
• Testosterone biosynthesis defects
• XY gonadal dysgenesis
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Pseudoinfarction
• Cardiac tumors, primary and secondary
• Cardiomyopathy (particularly hypertrophic and dilated)
• Chagas’ disease
• Chest deformity
• Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (particularly emphysema)
• HIV infection
• Hyperkalemia
• Left anterior fascicular block
• Left bundle branch block
• Left ventricular hypertrophy
• Myocarditis and pericarditis
• Normal variant
• Pneumothorax
• Poor R wave progression, rotational changes, and lead placement
• Pulmonary embolism
• Rare causes: pancreatitis, amyloidosis, sarcoidosis, scleroderma
• Trauma to chest (nonpenetrating)
• Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Pseudomembranous Colitis
• Celiac sprue
• Enteric parasites (e.g., Cryptosporidium, Entamoeba histolytica)
• GI bacterial infections (e.g., Salmonella, Shigella, Campylobacter, Yersinia)
• Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
• Irritable bowel syndrome
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Psittacosis
• Aseptic meningitis
• Bacterial pneumonia
• Chlamydia pneumoniae
• Fever of unknown origin
• Legionella
• Mononucleosis
• Mycoplasma
• Typhoid fever
• Viral hepatitis
• Viral respiratory infections
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Kembara Xtra 

Facts about medicine and its subtopic such as anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, pharmacology, medicine, pediatrics, psychiatry, obstetrics and gynecology and surgery.