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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Psoriasis
• Atopic dermatitis
• Candidiasis
• Contact dermatitis
• Cutaneous systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
• Drug eruption
• Mycosis fungoides
• Nummular dermatitis
• Secondary and tertiary syphilis
• Stasis dermatitis
• Tinea
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Psychosis
PRIMARY
• Schizophrenia related*
• Major depression
• Dementia
• Bipolar disorder
SECONDARY
• Drug use*
• Drug withdrawal
• Drug toxicity
• Charles Bonnet syndrome
• Infections (pneumonia)
• Electrolyte imbalance
• Syphilis
• Congestive heart failure (CHF)
• Parkinson’s disease
• Trauma to temporal lobe
• Postpartum psychosis
• Hypothyroidism/hyperthyroidism
• Hypomagnesemia
• Epilepsy
• Meningitis
• Encephalitis
• Brain abscess
• Herpes encephalopathy
• Hypoxia
• Hypercapnia
• Hypoglycemia
• Thiamine deficiency
• Postoperative states
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Delayed Puberty
• 17-Hydroxylase deficiency in females
• Absence of uterus or vagina
• Acquired
• Associated with congenital anomalies: Kallmann’s syndrome, Prader-Willi syndrome, Laurence-Moon-Biedl syndrome, Friedreich’s ataxia
• Autoimmune hypophysitis
• Bilateral anorchism
• Bilateral gonadal failure resulting from trauma or infection or after surgery, irradiation, or chemotherapy
• Constitutional delay in growth and development
• Functional: chronic endocrinologic or systemic disorders; emotional disorders; drugs: cannabis
• Galactosemia
• Gonadal abnormalities: congenital
• Gonadal dysgenesis
• Hyperprolactinemia
• Hypothalamic or pituitary disorders
• Idiopathic
• Increased serum gonadotropin levels
• Infiltrative disease (histiocytosis)
• Isolated deficiency of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
• Isolated deficiency of growth hormone
• Isolated deficiency of luteinizing hormone (LH) or folliclestimulating hormone (FSH)
• Klinefelter’s syndrome
• Multiple anterior pituitary hormone deficiencies
• Myotonic dystrophy in males
• Normal or low serum gonadotropin levels
• Oophoritis: isolated or with other autoimmune disorders
• Post infection
• Post irradiation
• Resistant ovary syndrome
• Testicular feminization: complete or incomplete androgen insensitivity
• Trauma
• Tumor
• Uterine or vaginal disorders
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Precocious Puberty
• Arachnoid cyst
• CNS infection (e.g., meningitis, encephalitis)
• Congenital virilizing adrenal hyperplasia
• Degenerative CNS disease
• Head trauma
• Hydrocephalus
• Hypothalamic tumors
• Idiopathic
• Perinatal asphyxia
• Sex chromosome abnormalities (e.g., 47,XXY, 48,XXXY)
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Popliteal Swelling
• Aneurysm of popliteal artery
• Baker’s cyst
• Deep venous thrombosis (DVT)
• Lymphadenitis
• Neoplasm: lipoma, osteogenic sarcoma, neurofibroma, fibrosarcoma
• Osteomyelitis
• Phlebitis (superficial)
• Popliteal abscess
• Ruptured tendon
• Ruptured varicose vein
• Trauma: fractured tibia or fibula, contusion, traumatic neuroma
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Portal Hypertension
INCREASED RESISTANCE TO FLOW
• Presinusoidal: portal or splenic vein occlusion (thrombosis, tumor), schistosomiasis, congenital hepatic fibrosis, sarcoidosis
• Sinusoidal: cirrhosis (all causes), alcoholic hepatitis
• Postsinusoidal: veno-occlusive disease, Budd-Chiari syndrome, constrictive pericarditis
INCREASED PORTAL BLOOD FLOW
• Splenomegaly not due to liver disease
• Arterioportal fistula
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Postconcussive Syndrome
• Anxiety
• Cerebrovascular accident
• Cervical spine disk disease
• Depression
• Epidural hematoma
• Headache (vascular or tension)
• Seizure
• Skull fracture
• Subdural hematoma
• Whiplash

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Kembara Xtra 

Facts about medicine and its subtopic such as anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, pharmacology, medicine, pediatrics, psychiatry, obstetrics and gynecology and surgery.