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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Pancreatic Calcifications
• Pseudocyst
• Metastatic neoplasm
• Hyperparathyroidism
• Hereditary pancreatitis
• Hemorrhage
• Cystadenoma
• Cystadenocarcinoma
• Chronic pancreatitis
• Cavernous lymphangioma
• Acute pancreatitis (saponification)
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Pancreatic Cancer (Exocrine)
• Sclerosing cholangitis
• Sarcoidosis
• Primary biliary cirrhosis
• Other pancreatic tumors (islet cell tumor, cystadenocarcinoma, epidermoid carcinoma, sarcomas, lymphomas)
• Drug-induced cholestasis (e.g., phenothiazines)
• Common duct stricture
• Common duct cholelithiasis
• Chronic hepatitis
• Cholangiocarcinoma
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Acute Pancreatitis 
• Ruptured or dissecting aortic aneurysm
• Renal colic
• Pneumonia (basilar)
• Peptic ulcer disease (PUD)
• Myocardial infarction (inferior wall)
• Mesenteric vascular obstruction
• High intestinal obstruction
• Early acute appendicitis
• Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)
• Acute cholangitis, biliary colic
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Orchitis
• Vasculitis
• Spermatic cord torsion
• Neoplasm
• Mumps, with or without parotitis
• Hematoma
• Epididymo-orchitis, gonococcal
• Epididymitis
• Autoimmune disease
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Orgasm Dysfunction
• Spinal cord trauma
• Spinal cord lesion or injury
• Spinal cord accident
• Radical pelvic surgery
• Psychogenic
• Pharmacologic agents (e.g., selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors [SSRIs], β-blockers)
• Peripheral nerve damage
• Multiple sclerosis (MS)
• Hypothyroidism
• Hypopituitarism
• Herniated lumbar disk
• Cushing’s disease
• Anorgasmia: inadequate stimulation or learning
• Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
• Alcoholic neuropathy
• Addison’s disease
• Acromegaly
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Orofacial Pain
• Wisdom tooth eruption
• Trigeminal neuralgia
• Sinusitis
• Sialoadenitis
• Parotitis
• Otitis media
• Otitis externa
• Malingering
• Herpes zoster
• Dental abscess
• Anxiety disorder
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Symptoms and Signs - Differential Diagnosis of ​Orthostatic Hypotension
COMMON
• Medications: antihypertensives, antidepressants (tricyclics), antipsychotics (phenothiazines), alcohol, narcotics, barbiturates, insulin, nitrates
• Reduced intravascular volume (hemorrhage, dehydration, hyperglycemia, hypoalbuminemia)
• Postprandial effect (especially in the elderly)
• Vasovagal syncope
• Deconditioning
• Peripheral autonomic dysfunction (diabetes mellitus, Guillain- Barré syndrome)
UNCOMMON
• Central autonomic dysfunction (Shy-Drager syndrome)
• Postganglionic autonomic dysfunction: impaired norepinephrine release
• Autoimmune autonomic dysfunction: nicotinic acetylcholine receptor autoantibodies
• Paraneoplastic autonomic dysfunction: anti-Hu antibodies (in small cell lung cancer)
• Postural tachycardia syndrome (POTS): usually occurs in young women; an abnormally large increase in heart rate is observed in the upright position caused by increased venous pooling from autonomic dysfunction of the lower extremities, but blood pressure is not affected because of an excess of plasma norepinephrine.
• Impaired cardiac output
• Cerebrovascular accident
• Adrenal insufficiency
• Deconditioning
• Carotid sinus hypersensitivity
• Anxiety, panic attacks
• Seizures
• Idiopathic
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Kembara Xtra 

Facts about medicine and its subtopic such as anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, pharmacology, medicine, pediatrics, psychiatry, obstetrics and gynecology and surgery.