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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Osler-Rendu-Weber Disease
• Venous hypertension
• Unilateral nevoid telangiectasia
• Scleroderma with CREST syndrome
• Rosacea
• Generalized essential telangiectasia
• Cushing’s syndrome
• Ataxia-telangiectasia
• Actinic keratosis
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Osteoarthritis
• Rheumatoid arthritis
• Radicular spine pain
• Neoplasm (myeloma, primary or metastatic bone cancer)
• Inflammatory arthritides
• Infectious arthritis
• Bursitis, tendinitis
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Osteoporosis
• Primary hyperparathyroidism
• Paget’s disease
• Osteomalacia
• Osteogenesis imperfecta: types I, III, and IV
• Malignant disease (multiple myeloma, lymphoma, leukemia, metastatic carcinoma)
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Osteoporosis
Secondary Causes
• Total parenteral nutrition
• Systemic mastocytosis
• Sickle cell disease
• Prolonged immobilization
• Prolactinoma
• Post gastrectomy
• Myeloproliferative diseases
• Multiple myeloma
• Medication induced (e.g., glucocorticoids, anticonvulsants, heparin, LHRH agonists or antagonists)
• Malabsorption
• Leukemias and lymphomas
• Hyperthyroidism
• Hyperparathyroidism
• Homocystinuria
• Hepatobiliary disease
• DM
• Connective tissue disorders (e.g., osteogenesis imperfecta, Marfan syndrome, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome)
• Chronic renal failure
• Chronic hypophosphatemia
• Aluminum-containing antacids
• Acromegaly
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Optic Neuritis
• Toxic/nutritional: vitamin B12 deficiency, tobacco-alcohol amblyopia, methanol, ethambutol
• Retinal migraine
• Ocular: optic drusen, retinal detachment, vitreous hemorrhage, posterior scleritis, neuroretinitis, maculopathies and retinopathies
• Mitochondrial: Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy
• Mass lesion: aneurysm, meningioma, glioma, metastases
• Ischemic: giant cell arteritis, anterior and posterior ischemic optic neuropathies, diabetic papillopathy, branch or central retinal artery or vein occlusion
• Inflammatory: sarcoidosis, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), Behçet’s syndrome, postinfectious, postvaccination
• Infectious: syphilis, TB, Lyme disease, Bartonella, HIV
• Acute papilledema
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Oral Mucosa, Pigmented Lesions
• Smoker’s melanosis
• Racial pigmentation
• Peutz-Jeghers syndrome
• Oral melanotic macule
• Nevi
• Neurofibromatosis
• Melanoma
• Lead line
• Drug reaction: quinacrine, minocycline, chlorpromazine, busulfan
• Chloasma
• Amalgam tattoo
• Albright’s syndrome
• Addison’s disease
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Oral Mucosa, Punctate Erosive Lesions
• Viral lesion: herpes simplex, coxsackievirus (A, B, A16), herpes zoster
• Sutton’s disease (giant aphthae)
• Reiter’s syndrome
• Neutropenia
• Inflammatory bowel disease
• Drug reaction
• Contact allergy
• Behçet’s syndrome
• Aphthous stomatitis
• Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivostomatitis (ANUG)
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Oral Mucosa, White Lesions
• White, hairy leukoplakia
• White spongy nevus
• Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
• Stomatitis nicotinica
• Squamous cell carcinoma
• Pachyonychia congenita
• Lichen planus
• Leukoplakia
• Leukoedema
• Darier-White disease
• Candidiasis
• Benign intraepithelial dyskeratosis
• Allergy
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Kembara Xtra 

Facts about medicine and its subtopic such as anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, pharmacology, medicine, pediatrics, psychiatry, obstetrics and gynecology and surgery.