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​Symptoms and Signs - Differential Diagnosis of Genital Herpes Simplex
• Bacterial infections (syphilis, chancroid, granuloma inguinale)
• Cancer of the vulva
• Follicular abscess
• Fungal infections (Candida)
• Hidradenitis suppurativa
• HIV infection
• Human papillomavirus
• Molluscum contagiosum
• Vulvar dystrophies
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of  Herpes Zoster
• Pain from herpes zoster: may be confused with acute myocardial infarction (MI), pulmonary embolism, pleuritis, pericarditis, renal colic
• Rash: herpes simplex and other viral infections
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​Symptoms and Signs - Differential Diagnosis of Hiatal Hernia
• Achalasia
• Barrett’s esophagus
• Esophageal cancer
• Esophageal spasm
• Esophagitis (e.g., Candida, herpes, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs [NSAIDs])
• Peptic ulcer disease
• Schatzki’s ring
• Unstable angina
• Zenker’s diverticulum
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Hiccups
TRANSIENT HICCUPS
• Sudden excitement, emotion
• Gastric distention
• Esophageal obstruction
• Alcohol ingestion
• Sudden change in temperature
PERSISTENT OR CHRONIC HICCUPS
• Toxic/metabolic: uremia, DM, hyperventilation, hypocalcemia, hypokalemia, hyponatremia, gout, fever
• Drugs: benzodiazepines, steroids, methyldopa, barbiturates
• Surgery/general anesthesia
• Thoracic/diaphragmatic disorders: pneumonia, lung cancer, asthma, pleuritis, pericarditis, myocardial infarction (MI), aortic aneurysm, esophagitis, esophageal obstruction, diaphragmatic hernia or irritation
• Abdominal disorders: gastric ulcer or cancer, hepatobiliary or pancreatic disease, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), bowel obstruction, intra-abdominal or subphrenic abscess, prostatic infection or cancer
• CNS disorders: traumatic, infectious, vascular, structural
• Ear, nose, and throat disorders: pharyngitis, laryngitis, tumor, irritation of auditory canal
• Psychogenic disorders
• Idiopathic disorders
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Hidradenitis Suppurativa
• Actinomycosis
• Bartholin’s cyst infection
• Cat-scratch disease
• Crohn’s disease (perianal and vulvar manifestations)
• Erysipelas
• Folliculitis and other follicular pyodermas, furuncles, pilonidal cysts
• Furuncle
• Granuloma inguinale
• Lymphangitis
• Lymphogranuloma venereum
• Tularemia
• Ulcerative colitis
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Hip Pain in Children 
• Hemophilia
• Hip or pelvis fractures
• Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA)
• Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease
• Leukemia
• Metastatic disease
• Osteogenic or Ewing’s sarcoma
• Osteomyelitis
• Overuse injuries
• Rheumatic fever
• Septic arthritis
• Sickle cell anemia
• Slipped capital femoral epiphysis
• Transient synovitis
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Hip Pain, in Different Age Groups
Common causes of hip pain in different age groups:
CHILDHOOD (2–10 YEARS)
Intra-articular
• Developmental dislocation of the hip
• Perthes’ disease
• Irritable hip
• Rickets
Periarticular
• Osteomyelitis
Referred
• Abdominal
ADOLESCENCE (10–18 YEARS)
Intra-articular
• Slipped upper femoral epiphysis
• Torn labrum
Periarticular
• Trochanteric bursitis
• Snapping hip
• Osteomyelitis
• Tumors
Referred
• Abdominal
• Lumbar spine
EARLY ADULTHOOD (18–30 YEARS)
Intra-articular
• Inflammatory arthritis
• Torn labrum
Periarticular
• Bursitis
Referred
• Abdominal
• Lumbar spine
ADULTHOOD (30–50 YEARS)
Intra-articular
• Osteoarthritis
• Inflammatory arthritis
• Osteonecrosis
• Transient osteoporosis
Periarticular
• Bursitis
Referred
• Abdominal
• Lumbar spine
OLD AGE (50 YEARS)
Intra-articular
• Osteoarthritis
• Inflammatory arthritis
Referred
• Abdominal
• Lumbar spine
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Hirsutism
• Acromegaly
• Adrenal virilizing tumor
• Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
• Cushing’s syndrome
• Drugs: androgens, anabolic steroids, methyltestosterone, minoxidil, diazoxide, phenytoin, glucocorticoids, cyclosporine
• Hypothyroidism (congenital and juvenile)
• Idiopathic: familial, possibly increased sensitivity to androgens
• Menopause
• Ovarian virilizing tumor: arrhenoblastoma, hilar cell tumor
• Pituitary adenoma
• Polycystic ovary syndrome
• Testicular feminization
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Kembara Xtra 

Facts about medicine and its subtopic such as anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, pharmacology, medicine, pediatrics, psychiatry, obstetrics and gynecology and surgery.