Medicine - kembara Xtra

Published on: April 17, 2024

Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Uric Acid Stones

Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Uric Acid Stones
• Decreased urine output (dehydration, malabsorption, diarrhea, inadequate fluid intake)
• Excessive dietary purine
• Hemolytic anemia
• Hyperuricemia
• Medications (salicylates, allopurinol, probenecid)
• Myeloproliferative disorders
• Tumor lysis
• Urine pH < 5.5 (e.g., diarrhea, high animal protein diet)

Published on: April 17, 2024

Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Acute Urinary Retention

Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Acute Urinary Retention
• Abdominal or pelvic surgery
• Alcohol toxicity
• Anxiety
• CNS neoplasm (primary or metastatic)
• Encephalitis
• Lower urinary tract instrumentation
• Mechanical obstruction: urethral stone, foreign body, urethral stricture, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), prostate carcinoma, prostatitis, trauma with hematoma formation)
• Medications (antihistamines, antidepressants, narcotics,
• Neurogenic bladder
• Neurologic disease (multiple sclerosis [MS], parkinsonism, tabes dorsalis, cerebrovascular accident [CVA])
• Postoperative pain
• Pregnancy
• Spina bifida occulta
• Spinal anesthesia
• Spinal cord injury
anticholinergics)

Published on: April 17, 2024

Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Urinary Tract Infection

Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Urinary Tract Infection
• Fistulas
• Frequency-urgency syndrome
• Frequency-urgency syndrome, prostatitis (acute and chronic)
• Infected stones
• Interstitial cystitis
• Obstructive uropathy
• Papillary necrosis
• Urethritis (gonococcal, nongonococcal, Trichomonas)
• Vaginitis
• Vesicoureteral reflux

Published on: April 13, 2024

Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Tracheitis

Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Tracheitis
• Cytomegalovirus (CMV) in immunocompromised patients
• Diphtheria
• Epiglottitis
• Hypoglycemia
• Invasive aspergillosis in immunocompromised patients
• Mass lesions
• Migraine
• Necrotizing herpes simplex infection in the elderly
• Seizures
• Subdural hemorrhage
• Transient ischemic attack (TIA)
• Vestibular disease
• Viral croup

Published on: April 13, 2024

Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Tremor

Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Tremor
TREMOR PRESENT AT REST
• Parkinsonism
• CNS neoplasms
• Tardive dyskinesia
POSTURAL TREMOR (PRESENT DURING MAINTENANCE
OF A POSTURE)
• Essential senile tremor
ACTION TREMOR (PRESENT WITH MOVEMENT)
• Anxiety
• Medications (e.g., bronchodilators, caffeine, corticosteroids, lithium)
• Endocrine disorders (hyperthyroidism, pheochromocytoma, carcinoid)
• Withdrawal from substance abuse

Published on: April 13, 2024

Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Trichinosis

Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Trichinosis
• Early illness may resemble gastroenteritis.
• Later symptoms may be confused with measles, dermatomyositis, or glomerulonephritis.

Published on: April 13, 2024

Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Trichotillomania

Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Trichotillomania
• Alopecia areata
• Anagen effluvium
• Hypothyroidism
• Iron deficiency
• Malnutrition
• Telogen effluvium
• Tinea capitis
• Traction alopecia

Published on: April 13, 2024

Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Tricuspid Stenosis

Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Tricuspid Stenosis
• Congenital tricuspid atresia
• Constrictive pericarditis
• Endomyocardial fibrosis
• Right atrial thrombi

Published on: April 13, 2024

Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Trigger Finger

Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Trigger Finger
• Acute digital tenosynovitis
• Carpal tunnel syndrome
• de Quervain’s tenosynovitis
• Dupuytren’s contracture
• Flexion tendon rupture
• Proliferative tenosynovitis
• Trauma

Published on: April 13, 2024

Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Trochanteric Bursitis

Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Trochanteric Bursitis
• Fibromyalgia
• Gout
• Iliopsoas bursitis
• Neuropathy
• Osteoarthritis of the hip
• Osteoarthritis of the lumbar spine
• Osteonecrosis of the hip
• Pseudogout
• Stress fracture of the hip
• Trauma
• Trochanteric tendinitis