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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Cytomegalovirus Infection
• Congenital: acute viral, bacterial, parasitic infections including other congenitally transmitted agents (toxoplasmosis, rubella, syphilis, pertussis, croup, bronchitis)
• Acquired: Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) mononucleosis; viral hepatitis: A, B, C; cryptosporidiosis; toxoplasmosis; Mycobacterium avium infections; human herpesvirus 6; drug reaction; acute HIV infection
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Daytime Sleepiness
• Circadian rhythm abnormalities (e.g., jet lag, shift work sleep disorder)
• Depression
• Medical illness (e.g., severe anemia, hypothyroidism, COPD, hepatic failure, renal insufficiency, CHF, electrolyte disturbances)
• Medication induced (e.g., benzodiazepines, β-blockers, narcotics, sedative antidepressants, gabapentin)
• Narcolepsy
• Neurologic disorders (e.g., neurodegenerative disorders; parkinsonism; multiple sclerosis; lesions affecting thalamus, hypothalamus, or brainstem)
• Obstructive sleep apnea
• Post trauma
• Restless legs syndrome
• Sleep deprivation
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Delirium
PHARMACOLOGIC AGENTS
• Anxiolytics (benzodiazepines)
• Antidepressants (e.g., amitriptyline, doxepin, imipramine)
• Cardiovascular agents (e.g., methyldopa, digitalis, reserpine,
propranolol, procainamide, captopril, disopyramide)
• Antihistamines
• Cimetidine
• Corticosteroids
• Antineoplastics
• Drugs of abuse (alcohol, cannabis, amphetamines, cocaine,
hallucinogens, opioids, sedative-hypnotics, phencyclidine [PCP])
METABOLIC DISORDERS
• Hypercalcemia
• Hypercapnia
• Hypoglycemia
• Hyponatremia
• Hypoxia
INFLAMMATORY DISORDERS
• Sarcoidosis
• Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
• Giant cell arteritis
ORGAN FAILURE
• Hepatic encephalopathy
• Uremia
NEUROLOGIC DISORDERS
• Alzheimer’s disease
• Cerebrovascular accident (CVA)
• Encephalitis (including HIV infection)
• Encephalopathies
• Epilepsy
• Huntington’s disease
• Multiple sclerosis (MS)
• Neoplasms
• Normal-pressure hydrocephalus (NPH)
• Parkinson’s disease
• Pick’s disease
• Wilson’s disease
ENDOCRINE DISORDERS
• Addison’s disease
• Cushing’s disease
• Panhypopituitarism
• Parathyroid disease
• Postpartum psychosis
• Recurrent menstrual psychosis
• Sydenham’s chorea
• Thyroid disease
DEFICIENCY STATES
• Niacin
• Thiamine, vitamin B12, and folate
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Delirium in Dialysis Patient
• Brain tumor
• Cerebrovascular accident (CVA) (particularly hemorrhage)
• Dialysis dementia
• Disequilibrium syndrome
• Drug effects
• Hypercalcemia
• Hypermagnesemia
• Hypernatremia or hyponatremia
• Hypertensive encephalopathy
• Hypoglycemia
• Hypotension
• Hypoxemia
• Intracerebral abscess
• Meningitis
• Postictal state
• Severe hyperglycemia
• Subdural hematoma
• Uremia
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Dementia with Lewy Bodies
• Alzheimer’s disease (AD): differs from DLB, in which visual hallucinations and parkinsonism are prominent.
• Atypical parkinsonian syndromes (multiple systems atrophy,progressive supranuclear palsy, corticobasal degeneration): these syndromes have other features, such as cerebellar degeneration, supranuclear gaze palsy, and asymmetric limb apraxia, that are not seen in DLB.
• Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD): differs from DLB in that it is usually more rapidly progressive, can have cerebellar signs and symptoms, and often has distinctive EEG abnormalities.
• Frontotemporal dementia (FTD, also known as Pick’s disease)
• Parkinson’s disease dementia (PDD): differentiated from DLB, in which dementia usually precedes parkinsonism. A somewhat arbitrary “1-year” rule is sometimes used to differentiate DLB from PDD in that if dementia presents within the first year after the parkinsonism, DLB can still be diagnosed.
• Toxic-, metabolic-, or pharmacologic-related delirium
• Vascular dementia: differs from DLB in that despite the fluctuations in performance seen in DLB, there is no clear history of multiple strokes.
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Demyelinating Diseases
MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS (MS)
• Relapsing and chronic progressive forms
• Acute MS
• Neuromyelitis optica (Devic’s disease)
DIFFUSE CEREBRAL SCLEROSIS
• Schilder’s encephalitis periaxialis diffusa
• Baló’s concentric sclerosis
ACUTE DISSEMINATED ENCEPHALOMYELITIS
• After measles, chickenpox, rubella, influenza, mumps
• After rabies or smallpox vaccination
NECROTIZING HEMORRHAGIC ENCEPHALITIS
• Hemorrhagic leukoencephalitis
LEUKODYSTROPHIES
• Krabbe’s globoid leukodystrophy
• Metachromatic leukodystrophy
• Adrenoleukodystrophy
• Adrenomyeloneuropathy
• Pelizaeus-Merzbacher leukodystrophy
• Canavan’s disease
• Alexander’s disease
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Kembara Xtra 

Facts about medicine and its subtopic such as anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, pharmacology, medicine, pediatrics, psychiatry, obstetrics and gynecology and surgery.