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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Sjögren’s Syndrome
• Age-related exocrine gland dysfunction
• Anxiety
• Medication-related dryness (e.g., anticholinergics)
• Mouth breathing
• Other: sarcoidosis, primary salivary hypofunction, irradiation injury, amyloidosis
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Sleep Apnea
EXCESSIVE DAYTIME SOMNOLENCE
• Inadequate sleep time
• Pulmonary disease
• Parkinsonism
• Sleep-related epilepsy
• Narcolepsy
• Hypothyroidism
SLEEP FRAGMENTATION
• Sleep-related asthma
• Sleep-related gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
• Periodic limb movement disorder
• Parasomnias
• Psychophysiologic insomnia
• Panic disorder
• Narcolepsy
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Small Bowel Obstruction
INTRINSIC
• Congenital (atresia, stenosis)
• Inflammatory (Crohn’s disease, irradiation enteritis)
• Neoplasms (metastatic or primary)
• Intussusception
• Traumatic (hematoma)
EXTRINSIC
• Hernias (internal and external)
• Adhesions
• Volvulus
• Compressing masses (tumors, abscesses, hematomas)
INTRALUMINAL
• Foreign body
• Gallstones
• Bezoars
• Barium
• Ascaris infestation
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Small Intestine Ulceration
• Celiac disease
• Drugs (salicylates, potassium, indomethacin, antimetabolites)
• Infections (Campylobacter, TB, Yersinia, parasites, typhoid, cytomegalovirus [CMV], Clostridium)
• Inflammatory bowel disease
• Lymphocytic enterocolitis
• Meckel’s diverticulum
• Mesenteric insufficiency
• Neoplasms
• Radiation therapy
• Stomal ulceration
• Uremia
• Vasculitis, SLE, Behçet’s syndrome
• Zollinger-Ellison syndrome
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Sexual Precocity
TRUE PRECOCIOUS PUBERTY
• Premature reactivation of LHRH pulse generator
INCOMPLETE SEXUAL PRECOCITY (PITUITARY
GONADOTROPIN INDEPENDENT)
Males
• Chorionic gonadotropin–secreting tumor
• Leydig cell tumor
• Familial testotoxicosis
• Virilizing congenital adrenal hyperplasia
• Virilizing adrenal tumor
• Premature adrenarche
Females
• Granulosa cell tumor (follicular cysts may be manifested similarly)
• Follicular cyst
• Feminizing adrenal tumor
• Premature thelarche
• Premature adrenarche
• Late-onset virilizing congenital adrenal hyperplasia In Both Sexes
• McCune-Albright syndrome
• Primary hypothyroidism
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Seizure
• Alcohol abuse/withdrawal
• Brain tumor (primary or metastatic)
• Carotid sinus hypersensitivity
• Hemiparetic migraine
• Hyperventilation, prolonged breath holding
• Hypoglycemia
• Hyponatremia
• Movement disorders (tics, hemiballismus)
• Narcolepsy
• Psychiatric disorders
• Strychnine, phencyclidine poisoning
• Syncope
• Tetanus
• Transient ischemic attack (TIA)
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Kembara Xtra 

Facts about medicine and its subtopic such as anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, pharmacology, medicine, pediatrics, psychiatry, obstetrics and gynecology and surgery.