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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Optic Neuritis
• Toxic/nutritional: vitamin B12 deficiency, tobacco-alcohol amblyopia, methanol, ethambutol
• Retinal migraine
• Ocular: optic drusen, retinal detachment, vitreous hemorrhage, posterior scleritis, neuroretinitis, maculopathies and retinopathies
• Mitochondrial: Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy
• Mass lesion: aneurysm, meningioma, glioma, metastases
• Ischemic: giant cell arteritis, anterior and posterior ischemic optic neuropathies, diabetic papillopathy, branch or central retinal artery or vein occlusion
• Inflammatory: sarcoidosis, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), Behçet’s syndrome, postinfectious, postvaccination
• Infectious: syphilis, TB, Lyme disease, Bartonella, HIV
• Acute papilledema
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Oral Mucosa, Pigmented Lesions
• Smoker’s melanosis
• Racial pigmentation
• Peutz-Jeghers syndrome
• Oral melanotic macule
• Nevi
• Neurofibromatosis
• Melanoma
• Lead line
• Drug reaction: quinacrine, minocycline, chlorpromazine, busulfan
• Chloasma
• Amalgam tattoo
• Albright’s syndrome
• Addison’s disease
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Oral Mucosa, Punctate Erosive Lesions
• Viral lesion: herpes simplex, coxsackievirus (A, B, A16), herpes zoster
• Sutton’s disease (giant aphthae)
• Reiter’s syndrome
• Neutropenia
• Inflammatory bowel disease
• Drug reaction
• Contact allergy
• Behçet’s syndrome
• Aphthous stomatitis
• Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivostomatitis (ANUG)
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Oral Mucosa, White Lesions
• White, hairy leukoplakia
• White spongy nevus
• Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
• Stomatitis nicotinica
• Squamous cell carcinoma
• Pachyonychia congenita
• Lichen planus
• Leukoplakia
• Leukoedema
• Darier-White disease
• Candidiasis
• Benign intraepithelial dyskeratosis
• Allergy
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Oral Vesicles and Ulcers
• Vincent’s stomatitis
• Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
• Syphilis
• Reiter’s syndrome
• Primary herpes simplex infection
• Pemphigus
• Pemphigoid
• Fungi (histoplasmosis)
• Erythema multiforme
• Crohn’s disease
• Coxsackievirus A (herpangina)
• Behçet’s syndrome
• Aphthous stomatitis
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Neutropenia
• Agranulocytosis
• Aplastic anemias
• Drugs (antibiotics, antithyroidals)
• Immunosuppressive drugs
• Lymphocytic and monocytic leukemias
• Radiation therapy to bone marrow
• Viral infections
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Neutrophilia
PRIMARY (NO OTHER EVIDENT ASSOCIATED DISEASE)
• Hereditary neutrophilia
• Chronic idiopathic neutrophilia
• Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) and other
myeloproliferative diseases
• Familial myeloproliferative disease
• Congenital anomalies and leukemoid reaction
• Leukocyte adhesion factor deficiency (LAD)
• Familial cold urticaria and leukocytosis
SECONDARY
• Infection
• Stress neutrophilia
• Chronic inflammation
• Drug induced
• Nonhematologic malignant neoplasm
• Generalized marrow stimulation as in hemolysis
• Asplenia and hyposplenism
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Kembara Xtra 

Facts about medicine and its subtopic such as anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, pharmacology, medicine, pediatrics, psychiatry, obstetrics and gynecology and surgery.