Infectious Diseases and Microbiology - Toxocariasis / Visceral Larva Migrans (Toxocara canis and Toxocara cati ) 
Toxocariasis, also known as Visceral Larva Migrans
Toxocara canis and Toxocara cati are both species of Nematode, which are a type of roundworm.
The tissue manifestations are referred to as Visceral larva migrans.
Humans are terminal hosts. Dogs (T canis) and cats (T cati) serve as decisive hosts. Dogs and cats excrete Toxocara eggs in their feces. Humans, particularly youngsters aged 1-4 with a background of pica, acquire the infection by consuming eggs.

A significant number of persons are without symptoms. The symptoms of larval infestation might vary depending on their location. Some individuals may have gastrointestinal pain, rash, fever, enlarged liver, retinal involvement resulting in blindness, or manifestations affecting the heart, respiratory system, or central nervous system.

Upon ingestion, eggs give rise to larvae that then move to various organs, such as the lungs, liver, kidney, heart, eyes, muscle, and central nervous system (CNS). The larvae undergo encystation, transforming into second-stage larvae. The larvae migration results in the formation of tracts characterized by hemorrhagic necrosis, as well as infiltration of eosinophils and lymphocytes. Granulomas can form around deteriorating larvae. The development of the disease is caused by the intensity of the inflammation and the specific site and quantity of the deceased larvae.

Elevated levels of hypereosinophilia and hypergammaglobulinemia, along with increased titers of isohemagglutinin against the A and B blood group antigens, are indicative of a probable infection. The diagnostic process entails serologic testing, analysis of tissue biopsies for larvae, and evaluation of clinical signs and symptoms. Stool samples can be analyzed to detect eggs in pets.

Mebendazole and albendazole are utilized for therapeutic purposes. Prevention entails the practice of deworming pets and maintaining proper hygiene for pets.

​Infectious Diseases and Microbiology - Cysticercosis with Neurological Involvement (Taenia solium ) 
Neurological involvement in cysticercosis
Taenia solium is a type of segmented flatworm known as a Cestode. It is commonly referred to as a pork tapeworm.
The strobila consists of one or many hermaphroditic proglottids.
 Humans serve as the primary host, while pigs act as the intermediary host. Pigs consume eggs, and the embryo penetrates the intestinal wall, enters the bloodstream, and disseminates to skeletal muscle. Infection in humans occurs when they consume undercooked pork that is contaminated with encysted larvae. Tapeworms mature within the gastrointestinal tract and release proglottids that contain eggs into the feces. The transfer of eggs by the oral route, either from contact with an individual carrying the adult tapeworm or through self-infection, leads to the development of cysticercosis.

Adult tapeworm infections typically result in minor gastrointestinal symptoms or show no symptoms at all. Cysticercosis is a grave condition that results in the development of cysticerci in many human tissues, such as the eye, brain, muscle, and lungs. The symptoms of cysticerci might differ according on their location, but may encompass meningioencephalitis, seizures, and other neurological signs.

Adult tapeworms remain connected to the intestine through the scolex and can reach a length of up to 5 meters.
Without receiving treatment, they have the potential to live for several decades. In cysticercosis, the eggs are consumed and release oncospheres in the colon, which then go to other tissues in the body.

The presence of proglottids displaying 5-13 uterine branches or eggs in feces or the perianal region is indicative and can be used for diagnosis.
Medical assessment Cysticerci are frequently detectable using X-ray, CT, or MRI imaging due to their tendency to undergo calcification.
Praziquantel is used to treat adult tapeworm infections. The treatment for cysticercosis involves the surgical removal of the cysts and/or the administration of praziquantel or albendazole. Prevention entails refraining from consuming undercooked pork and implementing hygienic practices to prevent the transmission of diseases by the oral ingestion of fecal matter.