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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Orchitis
• Vasculitis
• Spermatic cord torsion
• Neoplasm
• Mumps, with or without parotitis
• Hematoma
• Epididymo-orchitis, gonococcal
• Epididymitis
• Autoimmune disease
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Orgasm Dysfunction
• Spinal cord trauma
• Spinal cord lesion or injury
• Spinal cord accident
• Radical pelvic surgery
• Psychogenic
• Pharmacologic agents (e.g., selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors [SSRIs], β-blockers)
• Peripheral nerve damage
• Multiple sclerosis (MS)
• Hypothyroidism
• Hypopituitarism
• Herniated lumbar disk
• Cushing’s disease
• Anorgasmia: inadequate stimulation or learning
• Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
• Alcoholic neuropathy
• Addison’s disease
• Acromegaly
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Orofacial Pain
• Wisdom tooth eruption
• Trigeminal neuralgia
• Sinusitis
• Sialoadenitis
• Parotitis
• Otitis media
• Otitis externa
• Malingering
• Herpes zoster
• Dental abscess
• Anxiety disorder
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Symptoms and Signs - Differential Diagnosis of ​Orthostatic Hypotension
COMMON
• Medications: antihypertensives, antidepressants (tricyclics), antipsychotics (phenothiazines), alcohol, narcotics, barbiturates, insulin, nitrates
• Reduced intravascular volume (hemorrhage, dehydration, hyperglycemia, hypoalbuminemia)
• Postprandial effect (especially in the elderly)
• Vasovagal syncope
• Deconditioning
• Peripheral autonomic dysfunction (diabetes mellitus, Guillain- Barré syndrome)
UNCOMMON
• Central autonomic dysfunction (Shy-Drager syndrome)
• Postganglionic autonomic dysfunction: impaired norepinephrine release
• Autoimmune autonomic dysfunction: nicotinic acetylcholine receptor autoantibodies
• Paraneoplastic autonomic dysfunction: anti-Hu antibodies (in small cell lung cancer)
• Postural tachycardia syndrome (POTS): usually occurs in young women; an abnormally large increase in heart rate is observed in the upright position caused by increased venous pooling from autonomic dysfunction of the lower extremities, but blood pressure is not affected because of an excess of plasma norepinephrine.
• Impaired cardiac output
• Cerebrovascular accident
• Adrenal insufficiency
• Deconditioning
• Carotid sinus hypersensitivity
• Anxiety, panic attacks
• Seizures
• Idiopathic
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Osler-Rendu-Weber Disease
• Venous hypertension
• Unilateral nevoid telangiectasia
• Scleroderma with CREST syndrome
• Rosacea
• Generalized essential telangiectasia
• Cushing’s syndrome
• Ataxia-telangiectasia
• Actinic keratosis
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Osteoarthritis
• Rheumatoid arthritis
• Radicular spine pain
• Neoplasm (myeloma, primary or metastatic bone cancer)
• Inflammatory arthritides
• Infectious arthritis
• Bursitis, tendinitis
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Osteoporosis
• Primary hyperparathyroidism
• Paget’s disease
• Osteomalacia
• Osteogenesis imperfecta: types I, III, and IV
• Malignant disease (multiple myeloma, lymphoma, leukemia, metastatic carcinoma)
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Osteoporosis
Secondary Causes
• Total parenteral nutrition
• Systemic mastocytosis
• Sickle cell disease
• Prolonged immobilization
• Prolactinoma
• Post gastrectomy
• Myeloproliferative diseases
• Multiple myeloma
• Medication induced (e.g., glucocorticoids, anticonvulsants, heparin, LHRH agonists or antagonists)
• Malabsorption
• Leukemias and lymphomas
• Hyperthyroidism
• Hyperparathyroidism
• Homocystinuria
• Hepatobiliary disease
• DM
• Connective tissue disorders (e.g., osteogenesis imperfecta, Marfan syndrome, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome)
• Chronic renal failure
• Chronic hypophosphatemia
• Aluminum-containing antacids
• Acromegaly
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Kembara Xtra 

Facts about medicine and its subtopic such as anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, pharmacology, medicine, pediatrics, psychiatry, obstetrics and gynecology and surgery.