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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Nystagmus, Monocular
• Amblyopia
• Brainstem infarct
• Internuclear ophthalmoplegia
• Lid fasciculations
• Monocular blindness
• Multiple sclerosis
• Strabismus
• Amblyopia
• Brainstem infarct
• Internuclear ophthalmoplegia
• Lid fasciculations
• Monocular blindness
• Multiple sclerosis
• Strabismus
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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Obesity
• Chronic corticosteroid use
• Cirrhosis
• Congestive heart failure (CHF)
• Cushing’s syndrome
• Hypothalamic disorders
• Hypothyroidism
• Insulinoma
• Nephrotic syndrome
• Chronic corticosteroid use
• Cirrhosis
• Congestive heart failure (CHF)
• Cushing’s syndrome
• Hypothalamic disorders
• Hypothyroidism
• Insulinoma
• Nephrotic syndrome
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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
• Delusions or psychosis, which may be mistaken for obsessive thoughts; distinguished from OCD in that the individual recognizes the ideas are not real
• Major depression, hypochondriasis, and several anxiety disorders with predominant obsessions or compulsions; however, in these disorders, the thoughts are not anxiety provoking or extremes of normal concern
• Other conditions in which compulsive behaviors are seen (e.g., trichotillomania)
• Other psychiatric disorders in which obsessive thoughts occur (e.g., body dysmorphic disorder or phobias)
• Paraphilias or pathologic gambling; distinguished from compulsions in that they are usually enjoyable
• Tics and stereotypic movements that appear compulsive but are not driven by the desire to neutralize an obsession
• Delusions or psychosis, which may be mistaken for obsessive thoughts; distinguished from OCD in that the individual recognizes the ideas are not real
• Major depression, hypochondriasis, and several anxiety disorders with predominant obsessions or compulsions; however, in these disorders, the thoughts are not anxiety provoking or extremes of normal concern
• Other conditions in which compulsive behaviors are seen (e.g., trichotillomania)
• Other psychiatric disorders in which obsessive thoughts occur (e.g., body dysmorphic disorder or phobias)
• Paraphilias or pathologic gambling; distinguished from compulsions in that they are usually enjoyable
• Tics and stereotypic movements that appear compulsive but are not driven by the desire to neutralize an obsession
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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Ocular Foreign Body
• Other keratitis
• Infection
• Herpes ulcers
• Glaucoma
• Corneal ulceration
• Corneal abrasion
• Other keratitis
• Infection
• Herpes ulcers
• Glaucoma
• Corneal ulceration
• Corneal abrasion
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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Odynophagia
Causes of odynophagia:
INFECTIONS
• Herpes simplex virus
• Cytomegalovirus
• Candidiasis
CHEMICAL, INFLAMMATORY
• Gastroesophageal reflux
• Drug induced (Slow-K, tetracyclines, quinidine)
• Irradiation
• Graft-versus-host disease
• Crohn’s disease
• Dermatologic diseases (pemphigus and pemphigoid)
Causes of odynophagia:
INFECTIONS
• Herpes simplex virus
• Cytomegalovirus
• Candidiasis
CHEMICAL, INFLAMMATORY
• Gastroesophageal reflux
• Drug induced (Slow-K, tetracyclines, quinidine)
• Irradiation
• Graft-versus-host disease
• Crohn’s disease
• Dermatologic diseases (pemphigus and pemphigoid)
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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Onychomycosis (Tinea Unguium)
• Yellow nail syndrome
• Trauma
• Subungual keratosis
• Psoriasis
• Peripheral vascular disease
• Paronychia
• Lichen planus
• Infection (e.g., Pseudomonas)
• Contact dermatitis
• Yellow nail syndrome
• Trauma
• Subungual keratosis
• Psoriasis
• Peripheral vascular disease
• Paronychia
• Lichen planus
• Infection (e.g., Pseudomonas)
• Contact dermatitis
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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Ophthalmoplegia
BILATERAL
• Botulism
• Myasthenia gravis
• Wernicke’s encephalopathy
• Acute cranial polyneuropathy
• Brainstem stroke
UNILATERAL
• Carotid, posterior (third cranial nerve, pupil involved,
communicating aneurysm)
• Diabetic, idiopathic (third or sixth cranial nerve, pupil spared)
• Myasthenia gravis
• Brainstem stroke
BILATERAL
• Botulism
• Myasthenia gravis
• Wernicke’s encephalopathy
• Acute cranial polyneuropathy
• Brainstem stroke
UNILATERAL
• Carotid, posterior (third cranial nerve, pupil involved,
communicating aneurysm)
• Diabetic, idiopathic (third or sixth cranial nerve, pupil spared)
• Myasthenia gravis
• Brainstem stroke
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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Opioid Dependence
• Psychiatric disorders (e.g., anxiety, depression, bipolar disorder)
• Acute medical illness (e.g., hypoglycemia, seizure disorder, sepsis,
renal or hepatic insufficiency) may mimic opiate withdrawal
symptoms.
• Psychiatric disorders (e.g., anxiety, depression, bipolar disorder)
• Acute medical illness (e.g., hypoglycemia, seizure disorder, sepsis,
renal or hepatic insufficiency) may mimic opiate withdrawal
symptoms.
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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Opsoclonus
• Thalamic disorder (glioma, hemorrhage)
• Pontine hemorrhage
• Multiple sclerosis
• Medications (e.g., phenytoin, haloperidol, amitriptyline, diazepam, vidarabine)
• Hyperosmolar coma
• Hydrocephalus
• Encephalitis
• Cocaine
• CNS lymphoma
• Carcinoma, paraneoplastic
• Thalamic disorder (glioma, hemorrhage)
• Pontine hemorrhage
• Multiple sclerosis
• Medications (e.g., phenytoin, haloperidol, amitriptyline, diazepam, vidarabine)
• Hyperosmolar coma
• Hydrocephalus
• Encephalitis
• Cocaine
• CNS lymphoma
• Carcinoma, paraneoplastic
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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Optic Atrophy
• Unilateral optic atrophy in a young person is more commonly MS.
• Postviral atrophy may be seen in childhood.
• Nutritional, toxic, and hereditary causes are usually bilateral.
• Unilateral optic atrophy in a young person is more commonly MS.
• Postviral atrophy may be seen in childhood.
• Nutritional, toxic, and hereditary causes are usually bilateral.
