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​Differential Diagnosis of General Causes of Megaloblastic Anemia 
• Congenital disorders of DNA synthesis (rare): orotic aciduria, Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, congenital dyserythropoietic anemia
• Acquired disorders of DNA synthesis: thiamine-responsive megaloblastosis (rare); malignant neoplasia, erythroleukemia, refractory sideroblastic anemias; all antineoplastic drugs that inhibit DNA synthesis; toxic alcohol
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​Differential Diagnosis of Pernicious Anemia 
• Nutritional vitamin B12 deficiency
• Malabsorption
• Chronic alcoholism (multifactorial)
• Chronic gastritis related to Helicobacter pylori infection
• Folic acid deficiency
• Myelodysplasia
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​Differential Diagnosis of Cutaneous Anergy
• Other: alcoholic cirrhosis, biliary cirrhosis, sarcoidosis, rheumatic disease, diabetes, Crohn’s disease, uremia, anemia, pyridoxine deficiency, sickle cell anemia, burns, malnutrition, pregnancy, old age, surgery measles, mumps
• Infections: bacterial (bacterial pneumonia, brucellosis), disseminated mycotic infections, mycobacterial (lepromatous leprosy, TB), viral (varicella, hepatitis, influenza, mononucleosis measles, mumps)
•Immunosuppressive medications: systemic corticosteroids, methotrexate, cyclophosphamide, rifampin
• Immunologic
• Congenital (ataxia-telangiectasia, DiGeorge syndrome, severe combined immunodeficiency, Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome)
• Acquired (AIDS, acute leukemia, carcinoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia [CLL], Hodgkin’s lymphoma, non- Hodgkin’s lymphoma)
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​Differential Diagnosis of Thoracic Aorta Aneurysm 
• Trauma
• Inflammatory (syphilis, Takayasu’s disease)
• Infection
• Cystic medial necrosis
• Congenital
• Collagen-vascular disease (rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis)
• Coarctation
• Annuloaortic ectasia (Marfan syndrome, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome)
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​Differential Diagnosis Angina Pectoris
• Pulmonary diseases: pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary embolism, pleurisy, pneumothorax, pneumonia
• Musculoskeletal conditions: costochondritis, chest wall trauma, cervical arthritis with radiculopathy, muscle strain, myositis
• Herpes zoster
• GI disorders: peptic ulcer disease, pancreatitis, esophageal spasm or spontaneous esophageal muscle contraction, esophageal reflux, cholecystitis, cholelithiasis
• Acute aortic dissection
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​Differential Diagnosis of Angioedema
• Urticaria pigmentosa
• Peritonsillar abscess
• Mastocytosis
• Hypothyroidism
• Granulomatous cheilitis
• Erythema multiforme
• Epiglottitis
• Contact dermatitis
• Cellulitis
• Bullous pemphigoid
• Atopic dermatitis
• Arthropod bite
• Anaphylaxis
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​Differential Diagnosis of Cherry Angioma 
• Telangiectasia
• Pyogenic granuloma
• Petechiae
• Melanoma
• Insect bite
• Benign pigmented purpura
• Bacillary angiomatosis
• Angiokeratoma
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​Differential Diagnosis of Anhidrosis
• Spinal cord lesions
• Obstruction of sweat ducts (e.g., inflammation, miliaria)
• Local radiant heat or pressure
• Lesions of sympathetic nerves
• Hysteria
• Drugs (anticholinergics)
• Dehydration
• Congenital sweat gland disturbances
• CNS lesions (medulla, hypothalamus, pons)
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Kembara Xtra 

Facts about medicine and its subtopic such as anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, pharmacology, medicine, pediatrics, psychiatry, obstetrics and gynecology and surgery.