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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of  Hyperparathyroidism
• Malignant disease: neoplasms of breast, lung, kidney, ovary, pancreas; myeloma, lymphoma
• Granulomatous disorders (e.g., sarcoidosis)
• Paget’s disease
• Vitamin D intoxication, milk-alkali syndrome
• Thiazide diuretics
• Other: familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia, thyrotoxicosis, adrenal insufficiency, prolonged immobilization, vitamin A intoxication, recovery from acute renal failure, lithium
administration, pheochromocytoma, disseminated systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)


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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of  Hyperphosphatemia
• Excessive phosphate administration
• Excessive oral intake or IV administration
• Laxatives containing phosphate (phosphate tablets, phosphate
enemas)
• Decreased renal phosphate excretion
• Acute or chronic renal failure
• Hypoparathyroidism or pseudohypoparathyroidism
• Acromegaly, thyrotoxicosis
• Bisphosphonate therapy
• Tumor calcinosis
• Sickle cell anemia
• Transcellular shift out of cells
• Chemotherapy of lymphoma or leukemia, tumor lysis
syndrome, hemolysis
• Acidosis
• Rhabdomyolysis, malignant hyperthermia
• Artifact: in vitro hemolysis
• Pseudohyperphosphatemia: hyperlipidemia, paraproteinemia,
hyperbilirubinemia
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Hyperpigmentation
• Psoralen plus ultraviolet A (PUVA) therapy (psoralen administration) for psoriasis and vitiligo
• Progressive systemic sclerosis and related conditions
• Pregnancy
• Porphyrias (porphyria cutanea tarda and variegate porphyria)
• Pheochromocytoma
• Melanotropic hormone injection
• Melanoma
• Malabsorption syndrome (Whipple’s disease and celiac sprue)
• Hemochromatosis (“bronze” diabetes)
• Drug induced (e.g., antimalarials, some cytotoxic agents)
• Arsenic ingestion
• Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)– or melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)–producing tumors (e.g., small cell carcinoma of the lung)
• Addison’s disease
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Hyperprolactinemia
metoclopramide, estrogens, antihypertensives [methyldopa,
• Stress
• Prolactinomas (level >200 highly suggestive)
• Post partum
• Hypothyroidism
• Hypoglycemia
• Drugs (phenothiazines, cimetidine, tricyclic antidepressants, verapamil], haloperidol)
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis
• Wegener’s granulomatosis
• Sarcoidosis
• Recurrent pneumonia
• Pulmonary embolism
• Churg-Strauss syndrome
• Chronic bronchitis
• Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia (BOOP)
• Bronchiectasis
• Asthma
• Aspiration pneumonia
• Aspergillosis
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Hypersplenism
• Splenic congestion: cirrhosis; congestive heart failure (CHF); portal, splenic, or hepatic vein thrombosis
• Malignant disease: leukemia, lymphoma, polycythemia vera, myeloproliferative diseases, metastatic tumors
• Inflammatory diseases: Felty’s syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), sarcoidosis
• Infiltrative diseases: amyloidosis, Gaucher’s disease, Niemann-Pick disease, glycogen storage disease
• Infections: viral (hepatitis, infectious mononucleosis, cytomegalovirus [CMV], HIV), bacterial (endocarditis, TB, brucellosis, Lyme), parasitic (malaria, leishmaniasis, schistosomiasis, toxoplasmosis), fungal
• Hematologic causes: hemolytic anemia, sickle cell anemia, thalassemia, spherocytosis, elliptocytosis
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Hypertrichosis
DRUGS
• Dilantin
• Streptomycin
• Hexachlorobenzene
• Penicillamine
• Diazoxide
• Minoxidil
• Cyclosporine
SYSTEMIC ILLNESS
• Hypothyroidism
• Anorexia nervosa
• Malnutrition
• Porphyria
• Dermatomyositis
IDIOPATHIC
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Hypertriglyceridemia
• Sedentary lifestyle
• Pregnancy
• Poorly controlled diabetes mellitus (DM)
• Pancreatitis
• Nephrotic syndrome
• Hypothyroidism
• Hyperlipoproteinemias (types I, IIb, III, IV, V)
• Glycogen storage disease
• Estrogens
• Diet high in saturated fats
• Alcohol intake
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Kembara Xtra 

Facts about medicine and its subtopic such as anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, pharmacology, medicine, pediatrics, psychiatry, obstetrics and gynecology and surgery.