Published on
​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Glossodynia
DENTURE RELATED
• Dentures (ill-fitting, monomer from denture base)
• Dental plaque
• Oral parafunction
INFECTIVE/DERMATOLOGIC
• Candidiasis
• Lichen planus
DEFICIENCY STATES
• Iron, B12, folate, B2 (riboflavin), B6 (pyridoxine), zinc
ENDOCRINE
• Diabetes
• Myxedema*
• Hormonal changes occurring during menopause*
NEUROLOGICALLY MEDIATED
• Referred from tonsils, teeth
• Lingual nerve neuropathy
• Glossopharyngeal neuralgia
• Esophageal reflux*
IATROGENIC
• Mouthwash xerostomia
PSYCHOGENIC
IDIOPATHIC
Picture
Published on
​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Glucocorticoid Deficiency
• Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)–independent causes
• TB
• Autoimmune (idiopathic)
• Other rare causes
• Fungal infection
• Adrenal hemorrhage
• Metastases
• Sarcoidosis
• Amyloidosis
• Adrenoleukodystrophy
• Adrenomyeloneuropathy
• HIV infection
• Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
• Medications (e.g., ketoconazole)

• ACTH-dependent causes
• Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal suppression
• Exogenous: glucocorticoid, ACTH
• Endogenous: cure of Cushing’s syndrome
• Hypothalamic: pituitary lesions
• Neoplasm: primary pituitary tumor, metastatic tumor
• Craniopharyngioma
• Infection: TB, actinomycosis, nocardiosis
• Sarcoid
• Head trauma
• Isolated ACTH deficiency
Picture
Published on
​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Goiter
• Toxic multinodular goiter
• Thyroiditis
• Sarcoidosis, amyloidosis
• Resistance to thyroid hormone
• Medications (e.g., propylthiouracil [PTU], methimazole, sulfonamides, sulfonylureas, ethionamide, amiodarone, lithium)
• Iodine deficiency
• Graves’ disease
• Defective thyroid hormone synthesis
Picture
Published on
​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of  Goodpasture’s Syndrome
• Wegener’s granulomatosis
• Systemic necrotizing vasculitis
• Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
• Idiopathic rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis
• Drug-induced renal pulmonary disease (e.g., penicillamine)
Picture
Published on
​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Gastric Emptying, Delayed
• Brainstem tumors
• Drugs: anticholinergics, β-adrenergics, opiates
• Duodenal or pyloric channel ulcer
• Electrolyte imbalance: hypokalemia, hypocalcemia, hypomagnesemia
• Gastric pacemaker (i.e., tachygastria)
• Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
• Idiopathic
• Metabolic disorders: diabetes mellitus (DM), hypoparathyroidism, hypothyroidism, pregnancy
• Neuromuscular disorders (myotonic dystrophy, autonomic neuropathy, scleroderma, polymyositis)
• Psychiatric disorders: anorexia nervosa, psychogenic vomiting
• Pyloric stricture
• Tumor of the distal stomach
• Vagotomy
• Viral infections
Picture

Kembara Xtra 

Facts about medicine and its subtopic such as anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, pharmacology, medicine, pediatrics, psychiatry, obstetrics and gynecology and surgery.