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​ Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Flank Pain
• Urolithiasis
• Renal vein thrombosis
• Renal infarction
• Renal abscess
• Radicular/muscular
• Pyelonephritis
• Herpes zoster
• Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA)
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Flatulence and Bloating
disease, bacterial overgrowth in small intestine
• Malabsorption: pancreatic insufficiency, biliary disease, celiac
• Lactase deficiency
• Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
• Ingestion of nonabsorbable carbohydrates
• Ingestion of carbonated beverages
• Food poisoning, giardiasis
• Anxiety disorders
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Flushing
• Agnogenic flushing
• Anxiety
• Drugs: alcohol (with or without disulfiram, metronidazole, or chlorpropamide), nicotinic acid, diltiazem, nifedipine, levodopa, bromocriptine, vancomycin, amyl nitrate
• Neoplastic disorders: carcinoid syndrome, VIPoma syndrome, medullary carcinoma of thyroid, systemic mastocytosis, basophilic chronic myelocytic leukemia, renal cell carcinoma
• Physiologic flushing: menopause, ingestion of monosodium glutamate (Chinese restaurant syndrome), ingestion of hot drinks
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Folate Deficiency
• Acute cerebral folate deficiency
• Congenital folate malabsorption (rare)
• Decreased diet and increased requirements
• Decreased dietary intake
• Familial aplastic anemia (rare)
• Folate antagonists (e.g., methotrexate)
• Hereditary enzyme deficiencies involving folate
• Institutionalized individuals (e.g., psychiatric, nursing homes), chronic debilitating disease
• Intensive care unit setting
• Multiple effects on folate metabolism (e.g., alcohol, sulfasalazine, triamterene, pyrimethamine, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, diphenylhydantoin, barbiturates)
• Pathologic (e.g., intrinsic hematologic diseases involving hemolysis with compensatory erythropoiesis, abnormal hematopoiesis, or bone marrow infiltration with malignant disease and dermatologic disease such as psoriasis)
• Physiologic (e.g., pregnancy and lactation, prematurity, hyperemesis gravidarum, infancy)
• Poverty and famine
• Prolonged feeding of infants with goat’s milk, special slimming diets or food fads (i.e., folate-rich foods not consumed), cultural or ethnic cooking techniques (i.e., food folate destroyed)
• Some drugs (controversial)
• Uncertain origin
• With mucosal abnormalities (e.g., tropical and nontropical sprue, regional enteritis)
• With normal intestinal mucosa
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Folliculitis
• Acne vulgaris
• Cutaneous candidiasis
• Dermatophyte fungal infections
• Keratosis pilaris
• Miliaria
• Pseudofolliculitis barbae (ingrown hairs)
• Superficial fungal infections
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Foot Dermatitis
• Acquired plantar keratoderma
• Allergic contact dermatitis
• Dyshidrotic eczema
• Neuropathic foot ulcers (DM, poorly fitting shoes)
• Peripheral vascular insufficiency
• Psoriasis
• Sézary’s syndrome
• Tinea pedis
• Tylosis (mechanically induced hyperkeratosis, fissuring, and dryness)
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Footdrop
• Dystonia
• L5 radiculopathy
• Myopathy
• Peripheral neuropathy
• Peroneal nerve compression
• Scapuloperoneal syndromes
• Sciatic nerve palsy
• Spasticity
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Kembara Xtra 

Facts about medicine and its subtopic such as anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, pharmacology, medicine, pediatrics, psychiatry, obstetrics and gynecology and surgery.