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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of  Foot Pain
• Arterial insufficiency, Raynaud’s phenomenon, thromboangiitis obliterans
• Calcaneal spur
• Decubitus ulcer
• Gout, pseudogout
• Infection (cellulitis, abscess, lymphangitis, gangrene)
• Inflammation (plantar fasciitis, Achilles tendinitis or bursitis, calcaneal apophysitis)
• Paronychia, ingrown toenail
• Thrombophlebitis, postphlebitic syndrome
• Trauma (fractures, musculoskeletal and ligamentous strain)
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Forearm and Hand Pain
• Carpal tunnel syndrome
• Cubital tunnel syndrome
• Epicondylitis
• Herpes zoster
• Infection (cellulitis, abscess)
• Osteoarthritis
• Peripheral vascular insufficiency
• Tenosynovitis
• Trauma
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Friedreich’s Ataxia
• Abetalipoproteinemia (Bassen-Kornzweig syndrome)
• Autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia (spinocerebellar ataxia)
• Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type (in early cases)
• Early-onset cerebellar ataxia with retained reflexes
• Severe vitamin E deficiency with malabsorption
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of  Frostbite
• Cold immersion (trench) foot: caused by ischemic injury resulting from sustained severe vasoconstriction in appendages exposed to wet cold at temperatures above freezing
• Frostnip: transient tingling and numbness without associated permanent tissue damage
• Pernio (chilblains): a self-limited, cold-induced vasculitis of dermal vessels associated with purple plaques or nodules, often affecting dorsum of hands and feet and seen with prolonged cold exposure to above-freezing temperatures
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Frozen Shoulder
• Brachial neuritis
• Cervical disk disease
• Glenohumeral osteoarthritis
• Posterior shoulder dislocation
• Rotator cuff inflammation
• Ruptured rotator cuff
• Secondary causes of shoulder stiffness (prolonged immobilization after trauma or surgery)
• Superior sulcus tumor
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Gait Abnormalities
• Cerebellar lesions
• Cerebrovascular accident (CVA)
• Degenerative joint disease (hips, back, knees)
• Dystonia, cerebral palsy, neuromuscular disorders
• Infections (tabes, encephalitis, meningitis)
• Metabolic abnormalities
• Multiple sclerosis (MS)
• Parkinsonism
• Sensory ataxia
• Trauma, foot pain
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Galactorrhea
• Breast abscess
• Breast cancer
• Drugs (isonicotinic acid hydrazide [INH], phenothiazines, reserpine derivatives, amphetamines, spironolactone, tricyclic antidepressants)
• Hypothyroidism
• Intraductal papilloma
• Major stressors (surgery, trauma)
• Paget’s disease of breast
• Pituitary tumors
• Prolonged suckling
• True galactorrhea
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Ganglia
• Epidermoid inclusion cyst
• Fibroma
• Gout
• Hemangioma
• Infection (TB, fungi, secondary syphilis)
• Lipoma
• Osteochondroma
• Radial artery aneurysm
• Rheumatoid nodule
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Gardner’s Syndrome
• Attenuated adenomatous polyposis coli
• Cowden syndrome
• Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP)
• Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer
• Juvenile polyposis
• Peutz-Jeghers syndrome
• Turcot’s syndrome
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Kembara Xtra 

Facts about medicine and its subtopic such as anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, pharmacology, medicine, pediatrics, psychiatry, obstetrics and gynecology and surgery.