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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Empyema
• Collagen-vascular disease (particularly rheumatoid lung and systemic lupus erythematosus [SLE])
• Congestive heart failure (CHF)
• Malignant neoplasm involving the pleura
• Tuberculous pleurisy
• Uninfected parapneumonic effusion
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​Symptoms and Signs - Differential Diagnosis of Viral Encephalitis 
• Bacterial infections: brain abscess, toxic encephalopathies, TB
• Behçet’s syndrome
• Brucellosis
• Cat-scratch disease
• Cryptococcosis
• Leukemic or lymphomatous meningitis
• Lupus encephalitis
• Lyme disease
• Mollaret’s meningitis
• Multiple sclerosis (MS)
• Other metastatic tumors
• Protozoal infections
• Sjögren’s syndrome
• Syphilis
• Toxoplasmosis
• Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome
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​Symptoms and Signs - Differential Diagnosis of Non Viral Causes of Encephalomyelitis 
• Actinomycosis
• Behçet’s disease
• Brucellosis
• Carcinoma
• Cat-scratch disease
• Chlamydia
• Cryptococcus
• Drug reactions
• Ehrlichia
• Histoplasma
• Legionella
• Leptospirosis
• Listeria
• Lyme disease
• Mycoplasma
• Nocardia
• Plasmodium falciparum
• Q fever
• Relapsing fever
• Rocky Mountain spotted fever
• Subacute bacterial endocarditis
• Syphilis (meningovascular)
• Toxoplasma
• Trypanosomiasis
• Tuberculosis
• Typhus
• Vasculitis
• Whipple’s disease
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​Symptoms and Signs - Differential Diagnosis of Encephalopathy
• Akinetic mutism: these patients do not talk and do not move; there is little fluctuation in their state, and there is no asterixis.
• Aphasia: distinguished from encephalopathy by virtue of its representing a specific disorder of language rather than a global disturbance of cognitive function.
• Dementia: distinguished from encephalopathy by a history of slowly progressive cognitive decline over time (fluctuating cognitive function is rare except in diffuse Lewy body disease).
• Depression
• Hypersomnia
• Locked-in syndrome: may be distinguished from encephalopathy by the presence of fixed neurologic deficits (e.g., paralysis of all four limbs).
• Mania
• Psychosis: some overlap with encephalopathy because delusions and hallucinations may be common to both.
• Vegetative state from cerebral injury; these patients appear awake (eyes are open), but there is no content to their consciousness.
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​Symptoms and Signs - Differential Diagnosis of  Metabolic Encephalopathy 
• Cofactor deficiency: thiamine, vitamin B12, pyridoxine (isoniazid [INH] administration)
• Electrolyte disorders: hyponatremia, hypercalcemia, carbon dioxide narcosis, dialysis, hypermagnesemia, disequilibrium syndrome
• Endocrinopathies: diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), hyperosmolar coma, hypothyroidism, hyperadrenocorticism, hyperparathyroidism
• Endogenous toxins: liver disease, uremia, porphyria
• Epilepsy (postictal)
• Exogenous toxins: drug overdose (sedative-hypnotics, ethanol, narcotics, salicylates, tricyclic antidepressants), drug withdrawal, toxicity of therapeutic medications, industrial toxins (e.g., organophosphates, heavy metals), sepsis
• Heat stroke
• Substrate deficiency: hypoxia/ischemia, carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning, hypoglycemia
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Encopresis
• Anorectal lesions
• Cerebral palsy
• Hirschsprung’s disease
• Hypothyroidism
• Malformations
• Medications
• Myelomeningocele
• Pseudo-obstruction
• Rectal prolapse
• Trauma
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​Symptoms and Signs - Differential Diagnosis of Infective Endocarditis
• Bacteremia
• Brain abscess
• Fever of undetermined origin (FUO)
• Glomerulonephritis
• Meningitis
• Osteomyelitis
• Pericarditis
• Pericarditis
• Rheumatic fever
• Salmonella
• TB
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Endometriosis
• Acute appendicitis
• Adenomyosis
• Chronic appendicitis
• Ectopic pregnancy
• Hemorrhagic cyst
• Hernia
• Interstitial cystitis
• Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
• Muscular/skeletal strain
• Nerve entrapment syndrome
• Pelvic adhesions
• Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
• Psychological disorder
• Scoliosis
• Uterine leiomyomas
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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Enthesopathy
• Ankylosing spondylitis
• Disseminated idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH)
• Drug induced (quinolones, etretinate)
• Psoriatic arthritis
• Reactive arthritis
• Reiter’s syndrome
• Viremia or bacteremia
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Kembara Xtra 

Facts about medicine and its subtopic such as anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, pharmacology, medicine, pediatrics, psychiatry, obstetrics and gynecology and surgery.