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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Dyspareunia
• Vulvovaginitis
• Vulvar dystrophy
• Vaginismus
• Vaginal atrophy: hypoestrogen
• Uterine retroversion
• Urethritis
• Trigonitis
• Short vagina
• Pelvic infection
• Ovarian pathology
• Orthopedic
• Operative scarring
• Operative scarring
• Intact or rigid hymen
• Inadequate lubrication
• Inadequate lubrication
• Gastrointestinal
• Endometriosis
• Cystitis
• Clitoral problems
• Bartholin’s or Skene’s gland infection
• Abnormal penile size or shape
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Non -Ulcerative Dyspepsia 
• System disorders (i.e., diabetes, thyroid disorders, or connective tissue diseases)
• Peptic ulcer disease
• Pancreatitis
• Metabolic disturbances (i.e., hypercalcemia or hyperkalemia)
• Medications (i.e., NSAIDs, erythromycin, steroids)
• Ischemic bowel disease
• Infiltrative diseases of the stomach (i.e., Crohn’s disease or sarcoidosis)
• Gastroparesis
• Gastroesophageal reflux
• Gastric, esophageal, and all abdominal cancers
• Biliary tract disease
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Dysphagia 
• Toxins: poisoning, botulism, tetanus, post-diphtheritic dysphagia
• Systemic diseases: scleroderma, amyloidosis, dermatomyositis
• Presbyesophagus
• Peptic esophagitis with stricture, Barrett’s stricture
• Oropharyngeal lesions: pharyngitis, glossitis, stomatitis, neoplasms
• Neurologic or neuromuscular disturbances: bulbar paralysis, myasthenia gravis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), multiple sclerosis (MS), parkinsonism, cerebrovascular accident (CVA), diabetic neuropathy
• Hysteria: globus hystericus
• Hiatal hernia, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
• External esophageal compression: neoplasms (thyroid neoplasm, lymphoma, mediastinal tumors), thyroid enlargement, aortic aneurysm, vertebral spurs, aberrant right subclavian artery (dysphagia lusoria)
• Esophageal obstruction: neoplasm, foreign body, achalasia, stricture, spasm, esophageal web, diverticulum, Schatzki’s ring
• Candida and herpes esophagitis
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Dyspnea
• Upper airway obstruction: trauma, neoplasm, epiglottitis, laryngeal edema, tongue retraction, laryngospasm, abductor paralysis of vocal cords, aspiration of foreign body
• Thyrotoxicosis, myxedema
• Space-occupying lesions: neoplasm, large hiatal hernia, pleural effusions
• Sepsis
• Pulmonary vascular congestion
• Pulmonary infection: pneumonia, abscess, empyema, TB, bronchiectasis
• Pulmonary hypertension
• Pulmonary embolism/infarction
• Psychoneurosis
• Pregnancy
• Pneumothorax, hemothorax, pleural effusion
• Pneumoconioses: silicosis, berylliosis, others
• Parenchymal lung disease
• Neurologic dysfunction: Guillain-Barré syndrome, botulism, polio, spinal cord injury
• Metabolic abnormalities: uremia, hepatic coma, diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)
• Mesothelioma
• Lung resection
• Lower airway obstruction: neoplasm, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, aspiration of foreign body
• Interstitial pulmonary disease: sarcoidosis, collagen-vascular diseases, desquamative interstitial pneumonia (DIP), Hamman- Rich pneumonitis, others
• Inhalation of toxins
• Hematologic: anemia, polycythemia, hemoglobinopathies
• Disease of chest wall: severe kyphoscoliosis, fractured ribs, sternal compression, morbid obesity
• Diaphragmatic paralysis
• Diaphragmatic compression caused by abdominal distention, subphrenic abscess, ascites
• Cholinergic drug intoxication
• Cardiac disease: arteriosclerotic heart disease (ASHD), valvular lesions, cardiac dysrhythmias, cardiomyopathy, pericardial effusion, cardiac shunts
• Carcinoid syndrome
• Atelectasis
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Dysuria
• Vaginitis
• Urinary tract infection (UTI)
• Urethritis (gonococcal, chlamydial)
• Urethral carbuncle
• Stevens-Johnson syndrome
• Reiter’s syndrome
• Radiation therapy
• Prostatitis
• Meatal stenosis or stricture
• Interstitial cystitis
• Impaired bladder or sphincter action
• GI (diverticulitis, Crohn’s disease)
• Genital infection (e.g., herpes, condyloma)
• Estrogen deficiency (in postmenopausal woman)
• Chronic fibrosis post trauma
• Chemical irritation (e.g., deodorant aerosols, douches)
• Bladder neoplasm
• Behçet’s syndrome
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Earache
• Serous otitis media
• Referred otalgia, as with temporomandibular joint (TMJ) dysfunction, dental problems, and tumors
• Otitis media
• Otitis externa
• Otitic barotrauma
• Mastoiditis
• Impacted cerumen
• Foreign body
• Eustachitis
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Eclampsia
• Substance abuse
• Space-occupying brain lesions or neoplasms
• Pseudoseizure
• Preexisting seizure disorder
• Metabolic abnormalities (hypoglycemia, hyponatremia, hypocalcemia)
• Intracerebral bleeding or thrombosis
• Head trauma, infection (meningitis, encephalitis)
• Amniotic fluid embolism
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Kembara Xtra 

Facts about medicine and its subtopic such as anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, pharmacology, medicine, pediatrics, psychiatry, obstetrics and gynecology and surgery.