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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Chorea
• Wilson’s disease
• Vitamin B12 deficiency
• Thyroid disorder (hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism)
• Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
• Mercury poisoning
• Medications (e.g., neuroleptics, tricyclics, antiparkinsonian drugs)
• Hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia
• Huntington’s disease
• Friedreich’s ataxia
• Electrolyte abnormalities (hyponatremia, hypocalcemia, hypomagnesemia, hypernatremia)
• Cocaine
• Cerebral palsy
• Carbon monoxide poisoning
• Benign hereditary chorea
• Ataxia-telangiectasia
• Alcohol
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Choreoathetosis
SYSTEMIC DISEASES
• Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
• Polycythemia
• Thyrotoxicosis
• Rheumatic fever
• Cirrhosis of the liver (acquired hepatocerebral degeneration)
• Diabetes mellitus (DM)
• Wilson’s disease
PRIMARY DEGENERATIVE BRAIN DISEASES
• Huntington’s chorea
• Olivopontocerebellar atrophies
• Neuroacanthocytosis
FOCAL BRAIN DISEASES
• Hemichorea
• Stroke
• Tumor
• Arteriovenous malformation
DRUG-INDUCED CHOREOATHETOSIS
• Parkinson’s disease drugs: levodopa
• Epilepsy drugs: phenytoin, carbamazepine, phenobarbital, gabapentin, valproate
• Psychostimulant drugs: cocaine, amphetamine, methamphetamine, dextroamphetamine, methylphenidate, pemoline, psychotropic drugs, lithium, tricyclic antidepressant drugs
• Oral contraceptive drugs: cimetidine
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
• Autoimmune diseases: systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), myasthenia gravis, multiple sclerosis, thyroiditis, rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
• Endocrine abnormalities: hypothyroidism, hypopituitarism, adrenal insufficiency, Cushing’s syndrome, diabetes mellitus (DM), hyperparathyroidism, pregnancy, reactive hypoglycemia
• Infectious diseases (subacute bacterial endocarditis [SBE], Lyme disease, fungal diseases, mononucleosis, HIV infection, chronic hepatitis B or C, TB, chronic parasitic infections)
• Occult malignant disease
• Other: inadequate rest, sleep apnea, narcolepsy, fibromyalgia, sarcoidosis, medications, toxic agent exposure, Wegener’s granulomatosis
• Psychosocial depression, dysthymia, anxiety-related disorders, and other psychiatric diseases
• Substance abuse
• Systemic disorders: chronic renal failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), cardiovascular disease, anemia, electrolyte abnormalities, liver disease
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy
(CIDP)
• Mononeuritis multiplex
• Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance, plasma cell dyscrasia, osteosclerotic myeloma, and HIV infection are not so much part of the differential diagnosis but may coexist and so should always be sought.
• Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS), the difference being that GBS evolves during a maximum of 4 weeks and CIDP usually progresses during at least 8 weeks.
• Diabetic neuropathy: the distinction can often be made with electrodiagnostic studies, which typically show axonal physiology in diabetic neuropathy.
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Churg-Strauss Syndrome
• Wegener’s granulomatosis
• Sarcoidosis
• Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
• Polyarteritis nodosa
• Loeffler’s syndrome
• Leukocytoclastic vasculitis
• Henoch-Schönlein purpura
• Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Chylothorax
• Congenital
• Esophagectomy, pneumonectomy
• Lymphangitis, mediastinitis
• Mediastinal tumor resection
• Neoplasms (lymphoma; carcinoma of esophagus, lung; mediastinal malignant neoplasms)
• Post lymph node dissection of neck or chest
• Subclavian venous catheterization
• Sympathectomy
• Thoracic aneurysm repair
• Trauma to chest and neck
• Venous thrombosis
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Primary Biliary Cirrhosis 
• Drug-induced cholestasis
• Other etiologies of chronic liver disease and cirrhosis: alcoholic cirrhosis, viral hepatitis (chronic), primary sclerosing cholangitis, autoimmune chronic active hepatitis, chemical/toxin-induced cirrhosis, other hereditary or familial disorders (e.g., cystic
fibrosis, α1-antitrypsin deficiency)
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Claudication
• Compartment syndrome
• Degenerative osteoarthritic joint disease, particularly of the lumbar spine and hips
• Muscle cramps
• Spinal stenosis (neurogenic claudication)
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Kembara Xtra 

Facts about medicine and its subtopic such as anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, pharmacology, medicine, pediatrics, psychiatry, obstetrics and gynecology and surgery.