Symptoms and Signs - ​Differential Diagnosis of Arterial Occlusion

Symptoms and Signs - ​Differential Diagnosis of Arterial Occlusion endocarditis) • Vasospasm • Trauma • Thromboembolism (post–myocardial infarction, mitral stenosis, rheumatic valve disease, atrial fibrillation, atrial myxoma, marantic endocarditis, bacte


Differential Diagnosis of Decreased Anion Gap

Differential Diagnosis of Decreased Anion Gap • Severe hypermagnesemia • Lithium toxicity • Laboratory error (falsely decreased sodium or overestimation of bicarbonate or chloride) • IgG myeloma • Hypoalbuminemia • Hypercalcemia of parathyroid origin, an


​Differential Diagnosis of Increased Anion Gap

Differential Diagnosis of Increased Anion Gap • Uremia • Salicylate overdose • Methanol poisoning • Lactic acidosis • Ketoacidosis (diabetic, starvation, alcoholic) • Ethylene glycol poisoning


​Differential Diagnosis of Anisocoria

Differential Diagnosis of Anisocoria diphtheria, botulism) • Trauma • Toxic polyneuritis (alcohol, lead) • Subdural hemorrhage • Prosthetic eye • Mydriatic or miotic drugs • Intracranial neoplasm • Internal carotid ischemia • Inflammation (keratitis, irid



​Differential Diagnosis of Ankle Sprain

Differential Diagnosis of Ankle Sprain • Fracture of the ankle or foot, particularly involving the distal fibular growth plate in the immature patient • Avulsion fracture of the fifth metatarsal base