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KembaraXtra-Psychology - axiom
An axiom is a statement accepted without proof and used as a starting premise in reasoning, especially in logic and mathematics; it is also called a postulate, and axiomatic describes what is based on axioms.
An axiom is a statement accepted without proof and used as a starting premise in reasoning, especially in logic and mathematics; it is also called a postulate, and axiomatic describes what is based on axioms.
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KembaraXtra-Psychology - avolition
Avolition is difficulty initiating or sustaining purposeful activity and is recognized as one of the negative symptoms of schizophrenia; the term literally points to absence of will/volition.
Avolition is difficulty initiating or sustaining purposeful activity and is recognized as one of the negative symptoms of schizophrenia; the term literally points to absence of will/volition.
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KembaraXtra-Psychology - avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder
Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder is a DSM-5 eating disorder marked by apparent lack of interest in food or eating that leads to significant weight loss, nutritional deficiency, reliance on supplements, and major psychosocial impairment. It is diagnosed only when symptoms are not better explained by anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, another mental disorder, or a medical condition, and when there is no evidence of body-shape or weight disturbance.
Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder is a DSM-5 eating disorder marked by apparent lack of interest in food or eating that leads to significant weight loss, nutritional deficiency, reliance on supplements, and major psychosocial impairment. It is diagnosed only when symptoms are not better explained by anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, another mental disorder, or a medical condition, and when there is no evidence of body-shape or weight disturbance.
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KembaraXtra-Psychology - avoidant personality disorder
Avoidant personality disorder is a DSM-5 personality disorder defined by pervasive social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, and hypersensitivity to criticism, disapproval, or rejection beginning by early adulthood. Signs include avoiding jobs requiring significant interpersonal contact, reluctance to interact unless sure of being liked, restraint in intimacy to avoid shame, preoccupation with criticism/rejection, inhibition in new situations due to inadequacy feelings, viewing oneself as inept or inferior, and avoiding activities that risk embarrassment. It is also called anxious personality disorder and is compared with schizoid personality disorder.
Avoidant personality disorder is a DSM-5 personality disorder defined by pervasive social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, and hypersensitivity to criticism, disapproval, or rejection beginning by early adulthood. Signs include avoiding jobs requiring significant interpersonal contact, reluctance to interact unless sure of being liked, restraint in intimacy to avoid shame, preoccupation with criticism/rejection, inhibition in new situations due to inadequacy feelings, viewing oneself as inept or inferior, and avoiding activities that risk embarrassment. It is also called anxious personality disorder and is compared with schizoid personality disorder.
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KembaraXtra-Psychology - avoidance conditioning
In operant conditioning, avoidance conditioning (avoidance learning) is negative reinforcement in which an organism prevents an aversive event by making a response. A standard example is a rat in an alley where a signal (like a light) precedes floor shock; running to a safe goal box during the signal-shock interval prevents shock. In active avoidance the organism must perform an action to avoid the aversive event, while in passive avoidance it must refrain from responding. It relates to Kamin effects, Sidman avoidance, and two-way avoidance, and is compared with escape conditioning.
In operant conditioning, avoidance conditioning (avoidance learning) is negative reinforcement in which an organism prevents an aversive event by making a response. A standard example is a rat in an alley where a signal (like a light) precedes floor shock; running to a safe goal box during the signal-shock interval prevents shock. In active avoidance the organism must perform an action to avoid the aversive event, while in passive avoidance it must refrain from responding. It relates to Kamin effects, Sidman avoidance, and two-way avoidance, and is compared with escape conditioning.
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KembaraXtra-Psychology - avoidance–avoidance conflict
Avoidance–avoidance conflict occurs when a person faces two or more roughly equal threats and must choose among them. Lewin’s conflict framework (identified in 1931 though not named by him then) treats this conflict as often stable and hard to resolve, because moving toward one threat increases motivation to withdraw toward the other; anxiety is minimized at a point maximally distant from both. It is linked with double binds and contrasts with approach–approach and approach–avoidance conflicts.
Avoidance–avoidance conflict occurs when a person faces two or more roughly equal threats and must choose among them. Lewin’s conflict framework (identified in 1931 though not named by him then) treats this conflict as often stable and hard to resolve, because moving toward one threat increases motivation to withdraw toward the other; anxiety is minimized at a point maximally distant from both. It is linked with double binds and contrasts with approach–approach and approach–avoidance conflicts.
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KembaraXtra-Psychology - aversive
Aversive describes anything unpleasant that tends to repel, discourage, or deter behaviour.
Aversive describes anything unpleasant that tends to repel, discourage, or deter behaviour.
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KembaraXtra-Psychology - Aubert–Förster law
The Aubert–Förster law states that the smallest size at which a stimulus (like a printed letter) is just recognizable increases in direct proportion to its angular distance from the fixation point (equivalently, the distance from the fovea on the retina), holding approximately from 2 to 40 degrees of visual angle. It is named after Aubert and Carl F. R. Förster (1825–1902), who published it briefly in 1856 and fully in 1857.
The Aubert–Förster law states that the smallest size at which a stimulus (like a printed letter) is just recognizable increases in direct proportion to its angular distance from the fixation point (equivalently, the distance from the fovea on the retina), holding approximately from 2 to 40 degrees of visual angle. It is named after Aubert and Carl F. R. Förster (1825–1902), who published it briefly in 1856 and fully in 1857.
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KembaraXtra-Psychology - Aubert effect
The Aubert effect occurs when a person fixates on an illuminated vertical bar in a dark room for a minute or two and then tilts the head sideways by roughly 30 degrees or more; the bar then appears tilted in the opposite direction. This demonstrates that vestibular semicircular canal information alone is insufficient for full vertical orientation in darkness, and it can be demonstrated using a simple setup such as a flashlight in a box with a diffusing slit. It is named after Hermann Aubert (1826–92).
The Aubert effect occurs when a person fixates on an illuminated vertical bar in a dark room for a minute or two and then tilts the head sideways by roughly 30 degrees or more; the bar then appears tilted in the opposite direction. This demonstrates that vestibular semicircular canal information alone is insufficient for full vertical orientation in darkness, and it can be demonstrated using a simple setup such as a flashlight in a box with a diffusing slit. It is named after Hermann Aubert (1826–92).
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KembaraXtra-Psychology - atypical antipsychotic
Atypical antipsychotics are drugs used to treat schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders that generally produce fewer neuroleptic-induced side effects than conventional neuroleptics. Examples commonly discussed include clozapine, olanzapine, risperidone, sertindole, and related agents.
Atypical antipsychotics are drugs used to treat schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders that generally produce fewer neuroleptic-induced side effects than conventional neuroleptics. Examples commonly discussed include clozapine, olanzapine, risperidone, sertindole, and related agents.
