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KembaraXtra – Computer Terms – 101-key keyboard
The 101-key keyboard is a standard keyboard layout introduced by IBM for the IBM PC/AT (Advanced Technology) series. It closely resembles the enhanced keyboard in both key count and functionality, including function keys, a numeric keypad, arrow keys, and control keys. While the key functions are generally consistent, there can be differences in the layout, tactile feedback, and shape or feel of the keys depending on the manufacturer. This keyboard format set a lasting standard for desktop computer keyboards in the IBM-compatible world.
The 101-key keyboard is a standard keyboard layout introduced by IBM for the IBM PC/AT (Advanced Technology) series. It closely resembles the enhanced keyboard in both key count and functionality, including function keys, a numeric keypad, arrow keys, and control keys. While the key functions are generally consistent, there can be differences in the layout, tactile feedback, and shape or feel of the keys depending on the manufacturer. This keyboard format set a lasting standard for desktop computer keyboards in the IBM-compatible world.
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KembaraXtra – Computer Terms – 100Base-T
100Base-T is a Fast Ethernet standard that enables data transmission at 100 megabits per second (Mbps) over twisted-pair copper cabling within a local area network (LAN). It operates in baseband mode and includes multiple sub-standards based on the type and number of cable pairs used. The two main variants are:
100Base-T is a Fast Ethernet standard that enables data transmission at 100 megabits per second (Mbps) over twisted-pair copper cabling within a local area network (LAN). It operates in baseband mode and includes multiple sub-standards based on the type and number of cable pairs used. The two main variants are:
- 100Base-T4 – uses four pairs of medium- to high-grade twisted-pair cables, including Category 3 cabling, for broader compatibility.
- 100Base-TX – the most common variant, using two pairs of high-grade twisted-pair cables (typically Category 5 or higher) for faster and more reliable connections.
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KembaraXtra – Computer Terms – > means:
The right angle bracket is commonly used in command-line interfaces to redirect output from a command into a file instead of displaying it on the screen. For example, echo Hello > file.txt will write “Hello” into a file. In emails, this symbol is used to indicate quoted or previously sent text.
The right angle bracket is commonly used in command-line interfaces to redirect output from a command into a file instead of displaying it on the screen. For example, echo Hello > file.txt will write “Hello” into a file. In emails, this symbol is used to indicate quoted or previously sent text.
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KembaraXtra – Computer Terms –
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KembaraXtra – Computer Terms – ? means:
The question mark is a wildcard character used in operating systems like MS-DOS, Windows NT, and OS/2. It stands in for any single character in a filename or search pattern. For example, file?.txt could match file1.txt or fileA.txt, but not file10.txt because it only replaces one character at a time.
The question mark is a wildcard character used in operating systems like MS-DOS, Windows NT, and OS/2. It stands in for any single character in a filename or search pattern. For example, file?.txt could match file1.txt or fileA.txt, but not file10.txt because it only replaces one character at a time.
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KembaraXtra – Computer Terms – \ means:
The backslash is a directory path separator used in Windows and MS-DOS systems. Unlike UNIX, which uses forward slashes, Windows uses backslashes in file paths—for example, C:\Program Files\. When placed at the beginning of a path, it means that the path begins from the root of the disk.
The backslash is a directory path separator used in Windows and MS-DOS systems. Unlike UNIX, which uses forward slashes, Windows uses backslashes in file paths—for example, C:\Program Files\. When placed at the beginning of a path, it means that the path begins from the root of the disk.
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KembaraXtra – Computer Terms – @ means:
This symbol is central to email communication. It separates the username from the domain name in an email address. For example, in user@example.com, the @ reads as “at” and indicates that the user is associated with the example.com domain. It’s also used in other Internet services and authentication formats.
This symbol is central to email communication. It separates the username from the domain name in an email address. For example, in user@example.com, the @ reads as “at” and indicates that the user is associated with the example.com domain. It’s also used in other Internet services and authentication formats.
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KembaraXtra – Computer Terms – 0.07-micron means:
This refers to a semiconductor manufacturing process where features on a chip are only 0.07 microns wide—extremely small compared to the width of a human hair. This allows manufacturers to fit around 400 million transistors on a single chip. It leads to high-speed, high-performance processors that can exceed 10 GHz in speed. Applications include powerful computers, ultra-fast hard drives, and even medical devices like implanted hearing aids.
This refers to a semiconductor manufacturing process where features on a chip are only 0.07 microns wide—extremely small compared to the width of a human hair. This allows manufacturers to fit around 400 million transistors on a single chip. It leads to high-speed, high-performance processors that can exceed 10 GHz in speed. Applications include powerful computers, ultra-fast hard drives, and even medical devices like implanted hearing aids.
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KembaraXtra-Computer Science-Representing Data Digitally
1. Digital Representation of Data
3.1 Grayscale Representation
1. Digital Representation of Data
- Computers store all data as bits (0s and 1s).
- This includes:
- Negative numbers
- Fractional numbers
- Text
- Colors
- Images
- Audio
- Video
- Text is represented as a collection of alphanumeric and related symbols (characters).
- Includes:
- A-Z (uppercase and lowercase - distinct)
- Punctuation marks (e.g., commas, periods)
- Spaces
- Digits 0-9 (as symbols, not numerical values)
- String: a sequence of text characters (common term in programming).
- Encoding: Translating data into a digital format.
- Decoding: Interpreting digital data.
- Around 100 characters need to be represented.
- 6 bits: 64 unique combinations (not enough)
- 7 bits: 128 unique combinations (enough)
- Commonly, 8 bits (1 byte) are used to represent each character (256 unique characters possible).
- Any scheme can be used to represent characters as bits, as long as the software knows the scheme.
- Software designers prefer schemes that make operations easy.
- American Standard Code for Information Interchange.
- Standard for representing text digitally.
- Represents 128 characters using 7 bits (often stored as 8 bits, with a leading 0).
- Handles English characters.
- Another standard that handles characters in nearly all languages, including English.
3.1 Grayscale Representation
- Limiting colors to black, white, and shades of gray.
- Example: Representing black, white, dark gray, and light gray (4 colors) requires 2 bits (2^2 = 4).
- An image is an arrangement of colors on a two-dimensional plane.
- Colors are arranged in a grid of single-color squares called pixels.
- An image's dimensions are defined by its width and height in pixels.
- Grayscale: 8 bits per pixel allows for 256 shades of gray (0 = black, 255 = white).
- RGB: Uses three 8-bit numbers to represent the intensity of Red, Green, and Blue. This means 24 bits represent the overall color.
- Additive color model: colors composed of a mix of red, green, and blue light.
- Each component color can vary from 0 (darker shade) to 255 (brighter shade).
- Bitmap: Stores RGB color data for each individual pixel (simplistic).
- JPEG and PNG: Use compression techniques to reduce the number of bytes to store an image.
- A single binary value can have different meanings depending on the context.
- Example: 011000010110001001100011
- ASCII text string: "abc"
- 24-bit RGB color: a shade of gray
- Positive integer: 6,382,179 (decimal)
- Example: 011000010110001001100011
- The interpretation depends on the software used to process the data (text editor, image viewer, calculator, etc.).
- Programs are written to expect data in a particular format.
- Any type of data can be represented digitally (numbers, text, colors, images, audio, video, etc.).
- The digital representation may not be a perfect replica, but is often sufficient.
- Representing data as 0s and 1s is useful because a device that works with binary data can be adapted to deal with any kind of data through software.
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