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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Granulomatous Vasculitis
• Wegener’s granulomatosis
• Lymphomatoid granulomatosis
• Behçet’s syndrome
• Kawasaki’s disease (mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome)
PREDOMINANTLY SMALL-VESSEL DISEASE
Hypersensitivity Vasculitis (Leukocytoclastic Vasculitis)
• Henoch-Schönlein purpura
• Mixed cryoglobulinemia
• Serum sickness
• Vasculitis associated with connective tissue diseases (systemic lupus erythematosus [SLE], Sjögren’s syndrome)
• Vasculitis associated with specific syndromes: primary biliary cirrhosis, Lyme disease, chronic active hepatitis, drug-induced vasculitis
• Churg-Strauss syndrome
• Goodpasture’s syndrome
• Erythema nodosum
• Panniculitis
• Buerger’s disease (thrombophlebitis obliterans) Vasculitis, Diseases That Mimic Vasculitis
EMBOLIC DISEASE
• Infectious or marantic endocarditis
• Cardiac mural thrombus
• Atrial myxoma
• Cholesterol embolization syndrome
NONINFLAMMATORY VESSEL WALL DISRUPTION
• Atherosclerosis
• Arterial fibromuscular dysplasia
• Drug effects (vasoconstrictors, anticoagulants)
• Irradiation
• Genetic disease (neurofibromatosis, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome)
• Amyloidosis
• Intravascular malignant lymphoma
DIFFUSE COAGULATION
• Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
• Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura
• Hemolytic-uremic syndrome
• Protein C and S deficiencies, factor V Leiden mutation
• Antiphospholipid syndrome
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Venous Leg Ulcers
• Basal cell carcinoma or squamous cell carcinoma
• Decubitus ulceration (due to pressure over a bone prominence)
• Diabetic ulceration (often secondary to neuropathy)
• Necrotic ulceration from infection
• Peripheral arterial disease (with ischemia and necrosis)
• Vasculitis (with erythema and bullae)
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Ventricular Failure
LEFT VENTRICULAR FAILURE
• Systemic hypertension
• Valvular heart disease (aortic stenosis [AS], atrial regurgitation
[AR], mitral regurgitation [MR])
• Cardiomyopathy, myocarditis
• Bacterial endocarditis
• Myocardial infarction
• Idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis
RIGHT VENTRICULAR FAILURE
• Valvular heart disease (mitral stenosis)
• Pulmonary hypertension
• Bacterial endocarditis (right sided)
• Right ventricular infarction
BIVENTRICULAR FAILURE
• Left ventricular failure
• Cardiomyopathy
• Myocarditis
• Arrhythmias
• Anemia
• Thyrotoxicosis
• Arteriovenous fistula
• Paget’s disease
• Beriberi
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Vertigo
PERIPHERAL
• Otitis media
• Acute labyrinthitis
• Vestibular neuronitis
• Benign positional vertigo
• Meniere’s disease
• Ototoxic drugs: streptomycin, gentamicin
• Lesions of the eighth nerve: acoustic neuroma, meningioma, mononeuropathy, metastatic carcinoma
• Mastoiditis
CNS OR SYSTEMIC
• Vertebrobasilar artery insufficiency
• Posterior fossa tumor or other brain tumors
• Infarction/hemorrhage of cerebral cortex, cerebellum, or brainstem
• Basilar migraine
• Metabolic: drugs, hypoxia, anemia, fever
• Hypotension/severe hypertension
• Multiple sclerosis (MS)
• CNS infections: viral, bacterial
• Temporal lobe epilepsy
• Arnold-Chiari malformation, syringobulbia
• Psychogenic: ventilation, hysteria
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Vesiculobullous Diseases
• Bullous pemphigoid
• Dermatitis herpetiformis
• Diabetic blisters
• Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita
• Epidermolysis bullosa: simplex, junctional, dystrophic
• Erythema multiforme major (Stevens-Johnson syndrome)
• Erythema multiforme minor
• Herpes gestationis
• Herpes simplex
• Herpes zoster
• Hypersensitivity diseases
• Immunologically mediated diseases
• Impetigo
• Infectious diseases
• Inherited genetic disorders
• Metabolic diseases
• Mucous membrane pemphigoid
• Pemphigus (vulgaris, foliaceus, paraneoplastic)
• Porphyria cutanea tarda
• Pseudoporphyria
• Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome
• Toxic epidermal necrolysis
• Varicella
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Urine Casts
• Acute tubular necrosis
• Allograft rejection
• Chronic renal disease
• Eclampsia
• Glomerulonephritis
• Heavy metal ingestion
• Hypothyroidism
• Interstitial nephritis
• Nephritic syndrome
• Nephrotic syndrome
• Normal finding
• Pyelonephritis
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Acute Tubulointerstitial Disease
DRUGS
• Antibiotics, penicillins, cephalosporins, rifampin
• Sulfonamides: cotrimoxazole, sulfamethoxazole
• Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs): propionic acid
derivatives
• Miscellaneous: phenytoin, thiazides, allopurinol, cimetidine, ifosfamide
INFECTIONS
• Invasion of renal parenchyma
• Reaction to systemic infections: streptococcal, diphtheria,
hantavirus
SYSTEMIC DISEASES
• Immune mediated: lupus, transplanted kidney, cryoglobulinemias
METABOLIC
• Urate, oxalate
NEOPLASTIC
• Lymphoproliferative diseases
IDIOPATHIC
Tubulointerstitial Kidney Disease14
• Ischemic and toxic acute tubular necrosis
• Allergic interstitial nephritis
• Interstitial nephritis secondary to immune complex–related collagen-vascular disease (e.g., systemic lupus erythematosus [SLE], Sjögren’s syndrome)
• Granulomatous diseases (sarcoidosis, uveitis)
• Pigment-related tubular injury (myoglobinuria, hemoglobinuria)
• Hypercalcemia with nephrocalcinosis
• Tubular obstruction (drugs such as indinavir, uric acid in tumor lysis syndrome)
• Myeloma kidney or cast nephropathy
• Infection-related interstitial nephritis: Legionella, Leptospira
• Infiltrative diseases (e.g., lymphoma)
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Kembara Xtra 

Facts about medicine and its subtopic such as anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, pharmacology, medicine, pediatrics, psychiatry, obstetrics and gynecology and surgery.